Careplan

Mechanical ventilation invasive pediatric

Nov.08.2021

Mechanical Ventilation Invasive (Pediatric Inpatient)

Clinical Description

Care of the hospitalized child experiencing the need for controlled or assisted breathing through an artificial airway.

Key Information

Cuff (if present) must be deflated prior to using a speaking valve or capping a tracheostomy tube. Small airways and smaller diameter tubes are less compatible with speaking valves due to airflow obstruction and increased resistance around the tube during exhalation.

Pediatric-sized and smaller tracheostomies may not have an inner cannula. If an inner cannula is not present, the tracheostomy tube should be changed on a regular schedule to prevent obstruction of the single lumen.

Laryngeal mask airways may be used for short-term use to facilitate breathing; however, they do not offer aspiration protection and should be changed to an endotracheal tube if there is a need for a prolonged artificial airway.

Enteral feeding is preferred over parenteral due to physiologic benefits, such as gut integrity and function, stress ulcer prophylaxis and reduction of infection risk.

Evidence regarding pediatric ventilator-induced lung injury, lung protective measures and ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention originates from adult research.

Clinical Goals

By transition of care

A. The patient will achieve the following goals:

Effective Communication
Optimal Device Function
Mechanical Ventilation Liberation
Optimal Nutrition Delivery
Absence of Device-Related Skin and Tissue Injury
Absence of Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury

B. Patient, family or significant other will teach back or demonstrate education topics and points:

Education: Overview
Education: Self-Management
Education: When to Seek Medical Attention

Correlate Health Status

Correlate health status to:
- history, comorbidity, congenital anomaly
- age, developmental level
- sex, gender identity
- baseline assessment data
- physiologic status
- response to medication and interventions
- psychosocial status, social determinants of health
- barriers to accessing care and services
- child and family/caregiver:
- safety risks
- family interaction
- plan for transition of care

Communication Impairment

Signs/Symptoms/Presentation

agitation
anxiety
artificial airway present inhibiting vocalization
fear
frustration expressed
irritability
maladaptive communication behavior (e.g., facial expressions, hand or head movements)
powerlessness
social withdrawal
soundless crying

Problem Intervention

Ensure Effective Communication

Keep call system within reach; adapt to meet needs; respond to call light in person.
Acknowledge and validate intensity and complexity of voicelessness. Maintain eye contact when speaking and awaiting response.
Promote calming presence. Involve patient in decision-making and care to promote inclusion, self-efficacy, confidence and sense of control.
Establish a nonverbal communication method. Use augmentative techniques to preserve self-identity and self-esteem, such as writing tools, letter board, computer, flash cards or picture boards.
If tracheostomy, consider alternative communication method to facilitate sound or speech, such as speaking valve, occlusive cap or electrolarynx; deflate tracheostomy cuff, if present, when using devices to allow exhalation; monitor closely.
Assess and monitor for signs of biopsychosocial concerns that may affect ability to communicate, such as delirium, anxiety and fear.

Associated Documentation

Communication Enhancement Strategies
Psychosocial Support

Device-Related Complication Risk

Signs/Symptoms/Presentation

air auscultated in stomach
airflow absent out of airway device
airflow out of mouth
breath sounds unequal
chest movement asymmetrical
difficulty passing suction catheter
excessive cough
gastric distension
gurgling sound from throat
inability to ventilate
mechanical ventilation with an artificial airway
restlessness
upper airway sounds increased
work of breathing increased

Vital Signs

heart rate increased
respiratory rate increased
SpO2 (peripheral oxygen saturation) decreased
EtCO2 (end-tidal carbon dioxide) increased

Laboratory Values

PaCO2 (arterial carbon dioxide) increased
PaO2 (partial pressure of arterial oxygen) decreased

Diagnostic Results

CXR (chest x-ray) abnormal tube position
EtCO2 waveform abnormal
obstruction visualized with bronchoscopy
ultrasonography abnormal tube position

Problem Intervention

Optimize Device Care and Function

Maintain head of bed elevation with regular position changes to minimize ventilation-perfusion mismatch and breathlessness.
Provide oral care regularly with antimicrobial solution and subglottic suction to reduce the risk of infection; perform prior to cuff deflation, if present, or tube manipulation.
Assess tube size, depth, location and securement frequently to minimize the risk of tube displacement; confirm placement with radiography or ultrasonography.
Facilitate regular mechanical ventilator and humidification equipment checks to ensure proper function; monitor and manage ventilator and alarm settings.
Provide humidification and evaluate need for suctioning to minimize risk of airway obstruction; regularly replace closed suction equipment.
Perform ongoing device and stoma care to prevent infection; minimize excessive moisture around device; ensure tracheostomy inner cannula or single lumen device is cleaned or replaced regularly to prevent obstruction from secretions.
Monitor and manage cuff pressure routinely, if present; deflate cuff when not clinically indicated.
Maintain readily available emergency equipment that includes appropriate-sized manual resuscitation bag, mask, suction equipment, cleaning supplies and replacement airway devices.
If displacement occurs, provide oxygen to the nose, mouth and stoma. Notify provider.

Associated Documentation

Airway Safety Measures
Aspiration Precautions
Oral Care

Inability to Wean

Signs/Symptoms/Presentation

confusion
continued need for mechanical ventilation
disconnected from reality
fear
inability to decrease ventilator settings
increase in oxygenation or ventilation requirements
level of consciousness decreased
lung compliance decreased
muscle weakness
positive fluid balance
respiratory effort absent
unable to follow commands

Vital Signs

heart rate increased
respiratory rate increased
blood pressure increased or decreased
SpO2 (peripheral oxygen saturation) decreased
EtCO2 (end-tidal carbon dioxide) increased

Laboratory Values

ABG (arterial blood gas) abnormal

Problem Intervention

Promote Extubation and Mechanical Ventilation Liberation

Assess for pain and agitation regularly, utilizing a validated tool; minimize medication effects that may contribute to agitation, delirium or delay extubation.
Encourage early rehabilitation using therapeutic intervention and functional mobility training to minimize deconditioning, weakness, functional dependence and delirium.
Assess readiness to wake up, breathe, wean and extubate; consider protocol approach to reduce ventilator and intensive care days.
Perform SBT (spontaneous breathing trial).
Facilitate clustered care and uninterrupted sleep/rest pattern that supports home sleep routine; promote calm environment.
Acknowledge fear and anxiety related to the patient’s and support system’s experience of prolonged mechanical ventilation; encourage complementary therapies, such as music and playtime.

Associated Documentation

Environmental Support
Medication Review/Management
Sleep/Rest Enhancement

Nutrition Impaired

Signs/Symptoms/Presentation

inability to intake nutrition via oral route

Problem Intervention

Optimize Nutrition Delivery

Perform a nutritional assessment; include a nutrition-focused physical exam.
Determine calorie, protein, vitamin, mineral and fluid requirements.
Assess for micronutrient deficiencies; supplement if depleted.
Initiate early enteral nutrition support; consider another form of stress ulcer prophylaxis, if enteral feeding is contraindicated.
Optimize protein intake, unless contraindicated.
Consider postpyloric versus gastric tube feeding for patient at increased risk of aspiration.
Advocate for, and adjust, infusion rate, formulation or volume based on feeding tolerance and clinical status (e.g., hemodynamic stability); minimize unnecessary interruptions.
Anticipate the need for a promotility agent, if reduced gastric emptying or delayed bowel motility is suspected.
Monitor nutrition delivery to ensure safe practices (e.g., confirmation of tube placement, tube patency, medication delivery, head of bed elevation, oral care).

Associated Documentation

Nutrition Support Management

Skin and Tissue Injury

Signs/Symptoms/Presentation

bleeding
laceration
localized swelling
redness
skin blanching
skin integrity disrupted
stoma granulation
stridor
voice hoarse

Problem Intervention

Maintain Skin and Tissue Health

Reposition and resecure endotracheal tube regularly; ensure proper tube location.
Monitor depth of suction catheter advancement to minimize the risk of internal tracheobronchial tissue injury.
Assess skin and mucosal areas around the device frequently.
Monitor tightness of securement device regularly; consider skin barrier protection.
Minimize pressure points and prevent traction on device, using careful positioning, flexible extenders and props.
Assess and monitor for the presence of bleeding that may indicate injury to tracheobronchial tissue. Notify provider for persistent bleeding.
Anticipate adjunct therapy, such as cool mist, racemic epinephrine, corticosteroid or heliox, for symptoms related to airway swelling or stridor after removal of tube.

Associated Documentation

Device Skin Pressure Protection

Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury

Signs/Symptoms/Presentation

lung compliance decreasing
oxygenation requirements increasing (e.g., FiO2 or positive end expiratory pressure needs)
ventilatory requirements increasing (e.g., minute volume, respiratory rate)

Vital Signs

heart rate increased
respiratory rate increased
blood pressure increased or decreased
SpO2 (peripheral oxygen saturation) decreased
EtCO2 (end-tidal carbon dioxide) increased

Laboratory Values

oxygen index decreased
PaCO2 (arterial carbon dioxide) increased
PaO2 (partial pressure of arterial oxygen) decreased

Diagnostic Results

bronchoscopy abnormal
CXR (chest x-ray) abnormal

Problem Intervention

Facilitate Lung-Protection Measures

Provide oxygen therapy judiciously to maintain oxygenation goals; adjust to avoid hyperoxia.
Monitor and limit ventilator tidal volumes to minimize volutrauma; initiate low tidal-volume strategy (e.g., less than 8 mL/kg for ideal body weight).
Monitor and limit ventilator pressure to reduce risk of barotrauma; maintain less than 30cm H2O (e.g., plateau, inspiratory pressure delta).
Apply PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) to minimize atelectasis; adjust for changes in lung compliance and oxygenation.
Monitor fluid balance closely to minimize the risk of fluid overload.
Monitor ventilator waveforms and promote patient-ventilator synchrony; adjust ventilator settings and sedation.

Associated Documentation

Lung Protection Measures

Problem Intervention

Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Assess readiness to extubate; perform sedation interruption and spontaneous breathing trial.
Maintain semirecumbent position to minimize aspiration risk.
Provide ongoing oral care to reduce pathogens in oral cavity; anticipate antiseptic oral decontamination.
Minimize ventilator circuit breaks; consider use of closed suction device.
Minimize microaspiration risk; consider the use of ultrathin polyurethane tapered endotracheal tubes with subglottic secretion drainage, as well as cuff pressure monitoring.
Assess need for stress ulcer and venous thromboembolism prophylaxis due to increased risk during mechanical ventilation.

Associated Documentation

Head of Bed (HOB) Positioning
Oral Care
VAP Prevention Bundle

Education

CPG-Specific Education Topics

Overview

description
indications

Self-Management

CPR education
VAP prevention
VTE prevention

When to Seek Medical Attention

unresolved/worsening symptoms

General Education Topics

General Education

admission, transition of care
orientation to care setting, routine
advance care planning
diagnostic tests/procedures
diet modification
opioid medication management
oral health
medication management
pain assessment process
safe medication disposal
tobacco use, smoke exposure
treatment plan

Safety Education

call light use
equipment/home supplies
fall prevention
harm prevention
infection prevention
MDRO (multidrug-resistant organism) care
personal health information
resources for support

Population-Specific Considerations

Young Children

Endotracheal tubes used in children younger than 8 years of age may not have a cuff, as the tube is positioned in the narrowest portion of the cricoid cartilage and acts as the cuff. There is no definitive evidence to support the use of cuffed or uncuffed tubes. Clinician discretion should be used.

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Disclaimer

Clinical Practice Guidelines represent a consistent/standardized approach to the care of patients with specific diagnoses. Care should always be individualized by adding patient specific information to the Plan of Care.