DrugClassOverview

    Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

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    Jan.30.2012

    Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    Summary

    • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) reduce blood pressure primarily through reduction of systemic vascular resistance as a result of selective antagonism of angiotensin II at the angiotensin II AT1 receptor.
    • ARBs are well tolerated with a safety profile similar to placebo.
    • Further research needed to determine whether data on individual ARBs in the treatment of conditions other than hypertension may be interpreted as a class effect; clinical selection should be based on available literature.
    • Candesartan and losartan may require twice daily dosing for adequate blood pressure control.

    Pharmacology/Mechanism of Action

    Angiotensin II receptor antagonists/blockers (ARBs) antagonize angiotensin II at the AT1 receptors in tissues, such as smooth muscle and the adrenal gland. Angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, is the primary vasoactive hormone of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and plays an important role in the pathophysiology of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Two angiotensin II type receptors, AT1 and AT2, have been identified. Stimulation of the AT1 receptor by angiotensin II results in proliferation of smooth and cardiac muscle cells; promotion of cell growth; reabsorption of sodium from the renal proximal tubules; retention of water; vasoconstriction; stimulation of the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone and activation of the sympathetic system. Stimulation of the AT2 receptor results in vasodilation, production of nitric oxide and bradykinin and antiproliferative effects. Through selective antagonism of the AT1 receptors in tissues, such as vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland, the ARBs block vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II without a marked change in heart rate. Circulating levels of renin and angiotensin II rise in response to blockade of the AT1 receptors and, subsequently, increased stimulation of the AT2 receptor by angiotensin II. ARBs do not inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and, thus, do not inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin.[50907][50908][50909][50916]

    Apart from the blood pressure reduction properties of the ARBs, there is evidence to suggest that molecular effects play a role in their clinical effectiveness. The identification and role of these molecular effects, as well as, whether they are medication specific or a class effect require further research. The clinical significance of the differences in the degree of binding affinity, selectivity, and insurmountability for the AT1 receptor between ARBs remains unknown.[50909][50910][50911][50912][50914][50915][50916]

    Therapeutic Use

    • Blood pressure reduction, liver function, and indication for use are important factors when selecting which ARB to initiate.
    • Dose adjustments are recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment for candesartan, losartan and telimisartan.There are no data on the use of azilsartan, candesartan, losartan, and valsartan in patients with severe hepatic impairment. No dosage adjustments needed for irbesartan in patients with hepatic impairment.
    • Correct volume or salt depletion prior to initiation of ARB therapy; dose adjustments may be considered.

    Hypertension

    • ARBs are considered a first-line treatment option for patients with hypertension as monotherapy or as a part of combination antihypertensive therapy.[62854]
    • There are some differences between ARBs in the degree of blood pressure reduction, but they have similar safety and tolerability.
    • There is a potential for reduced efficacy of ARB monotherapy in Black patients; however, combination therapy with a thiazide diuretic or calcium channel blocker has been found to efficacious.[62854][66451]
    • Losartan, irbesartan, valsartan, candesartan and telmisartan have been shown to reduce left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients; an effect that may be independent of blood pressure reduction.

     

    Dose Range and Equivalence for ARBs in Hypertension

     

    Azilsartan

    Candesartan

    Irbesartan

    Losartan

    Olmesartan

    Telmisartan

    Valsartan

    Initial Dose

    (mg/day)

    40 to 80 mg

    16 mg

    150 mg

    25 to 50 mg

    20 mg

    40 mg

    80 to 160 mg

    Dose Range (mg/day)

    40 to 80 mg

    8 to 32 mg

    150 to 300 mg

    50 to 100 mg

    20 to 40 mg

    20 to 80 mg

    80 to 320 mg

    Dose Frequency

    Once Daily

    Once or Twice Daily

    Once Daily

    Once Daily

    Once Daily

    Once Daily

    Once Daily

    Greater Affinity for AT1 Receptor than AT2

    10,000

    10,000

    8,500

    1,000

    12,500

    3,000

    20,000

    Approximate Equivalence*

    40 mg

    16 mg

    150 mg

    50 mg

    20 mg

    40 mg

    160 mg

     

     

    *The approximate equivalence is based on data from clinical trials and meta-analyses comparing 2 or more ARBs for hypertension; this approximation may not represent the equivalence for other indications.

    Heart failure

    • There is a relative lack of data comparing the ARBs in the treatment of heart failure.
    • ARBs may be indicated for patients intolerant to ACE inhibitors due to angioedema or cough.
    • Losartan has been found to be at least as effective as captopril, but may have better tolerability.
    • Candesartan and valsartan are effective in the treatment of heart failure (NYHA class II to IV) in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40% or less.
    • The Val-HeFT study found an increase in mortality and combined mortality/morbidity rates with valsartan, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and beta-blocker combination therapy.
    • Lack of clinical benefit has been found with ARB therapy in patients with heart failure and a LVEF greater than 40%, with the exception of heart failure-related hospitalization, which was lower with candesartan.
    • Studies involving telmisartan have been of short duration making it difficult to determine the long-term impact of these drugs on heart failure.
    • One retrospective study found a lower mortality rate with valsartan, irbesartan and candesartan compared to losartan; no difference was found between losartan and telmisartan. [27702][27703][27704][27705][27090][24866][26118][27767][50910][50911][50917][50918][50919][50920][50921][50922][50923][50924][17177]

    Renoprotection

    • Guidelines recommend the use of ARBs for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy with or without hypertension and for hypertension with chronic kidney disease.
    • Relative lack of published studies exist comparing renoprotective effects of the ARBs.
    • Irbesartan and losartan are the only ARBs FDA-approved for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, an elevated serum creatinine, and proteinuria (greater than 300 mg/day).
    • Evidence suggest that candesartan, telmisartan and valsartan may be effective in diabetic nephropathy.[26717][26716][26715][32339][32340][32341][34997][50910][50911][50925][50926][50927][50928][50226][50950][50951]

    Comparative Efficacy

    • Clinical trial data either does not exist or is conflicting amongst the available ARBs for indications other than hypertension making it difficult to conduct clinical comparisons. There is some evidence to suggest that variances in molecular properties may account for differences in efficacy amongst the ARBs in the treatment of non-hypertensive indications. In addition, the clinical significance of the differences between ARBs in the degree of binding affinity, selectivity, and insurmountability for the AT1 receptor remains unknown.

    Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Comparative Efficacy Trials

    Citation

    Design/Regimen

    Results

    Conclusion

    Oparil S, et al. J Clin Hypertens 2001;3:283-91. [27506]

    Randomized, multicenter, 8 week, double-blind trial in essential hypertension.

     

    Olmesartan 20 mg one daily (n=145)

     

    Losartan 50 mg once daily (n=146)

     

    Valsartan 80 mg once daily (n=142)

     

    Irbesartan 150 mg once daily (n=145)

    Results versus olmesartan

     

    8 Week Mean Reduction in Cuff BP

    DBP

    Olmesartan: 11.5 mmHg

    Losartan: 8.2 mmHg (p=0.0002)

    Valsartan: 7.9 mmHg (p<0.0001)

    Irbesartan: 9.9 mmHg (p=0.0412)

     

    SBP

    Olmesartan: 11.3 mmHg

    Losartan: 9.5 mmHg

    Valsartan: 8.4 mmHg

    Irbesartan: 11 mmHg

     

    8 Week Mean Reduction 24-Hour ABPM

    DBP

    Olmesartan: 8.5 mmHg

    Losartan: 6.2 mmHg (p<0.05)

    Valsartan: 5.6 mmHg (p<0.05)

    Irbesartan: 7.4 mmHg (p=0.087)

     

    SBP

    Olmesartan: 12.5 mmHg

    Losartan: 9 mmHg (p<0.05)

    Valsartan: 8.1 mmHg (p<0.05)

    Irbesartan: 11.3 mmHg

     

    Trough-to-Peak Ratios (DBP; SBP)

    Olmesartan: 0.68; 0.69

    Losartan: 0.69; 0.64

    Valsartan: 0.48; 0.55

    Irbesartan: 0.60; 0.62

    The ARBs all reduced DBP and SBP; however, olmesartan associated with significantly greater reductions in cuff DBP (vs losartan, valsartan and irbesartan), ABPM DBP (vs losartan and valsartan; not irbesartan) and ABPM SBP (vs losartan and valsartan; not irbesartan).

     

    There were no differences in safety profiles between therapies.

    White WB, et al. Hypertension 2011;57:413-20. [43627]

    Randomized, multicenter, 6 week, double-blind, forced-titration trial in stage 1 and 2 hypertension.

     

    Azilsartan 40 mg one daily (n=280)

     

    Azilsartan 80 mg once daily (n=285)

     

    Olmesartan 40 mg once daily (n=290)

     

    Valsartan 320 mg once daily (n=282)

    6 Week Mean Reduction 24-Hour ABPM

    DBP

    Placebo: 0.1 mmHg

    Azilsartan: 40 mg: 8.7 mmHg

    Azilsartan: 80 mg: 9.4 mmHg (p=0.011 vs olmesartan and p<0.001 vs valsartan)

    Olmesartan: 7.1 mmHg

    Valsartan: 7.7 mmHg

     

    SBP

    Placebo: 0.3 mmHg

    Azilsartan: 40 mg: 13.4 mmHg

    Azilsartan: 80 mg: 14.5 mmHg (p=0.009 vs olmesartan and p<0.001 vs valsartan)

    Olmesartan: 12 mmHg

    Valsartan: 10 mmHg

     

    6 Week Mean Reduction Clinic BP

    DBP

    Placebo: 0.8 mmHg

    Azilsartan: 40 mg: 7 mmHg (p=0.017 vs valsartan)

    Azilsartan: 80 mg: 8.3 mmHg (p=0.005 vs olmesartan and p<0.001 vs valsartan)

    Olmesartan: 6.1 mmHg

    Valsartan: 5.1 mmHg

     

    SBP

    Placebo: 1.8 mmHg

    Azilsartan: 40 mg: 16.4 mmHg (p=0.018 vs olmesartan and p<0.001 vs valsartan)

    Azilsartan: 80 mg: 16.7 mmHg (p=0.008 vs olmesartan and p<0.001 vs valsartan)

    Olmesartan: 11.3 mmHg

    Valsartan: 13.2 mmHg

     

    Percentage of Patients with Clinic SBP < 140 mmHg and/or decrease of >/= 20 mmHg at 6 weeks

    Placebo: 22%

    Azilsartan: 80 mg: 58% (p=0.05 vs olmesartan and valsartan)

    Olmesartan: 49%

    Valsartan: 49%

    Azilsartan 80 mg was found to provide statistically superior reductions in both DBP and SBP.

     

    Further evaluation is needed to compare azilsartan to other ARBs.

    Nixon RM, et al. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:766-75. [50929]

    Meta-analysis to compare valsartan efficacy in hypertension with 5 ARBs.

     

    Candesartan 8 mg - 32 mg/day: 6 trials

     

    Irbesartan 150 mg - 300 mg/day: 6 trials

     

    Losartan 50 mg - 100 mg/day: 13 trials

     

    Olmesartan 10 mg - 40 mg/day: 2 trials

     

    Telmisartan 40 mg - 80 mg/day: 5 trials

     

    Valsartan 80 mg - 320 mg/day: 12 trials

    As compared to valsartan, mean change in SBP and DBP by drug and dose (only significant differences listed below)

     

    SBP Reduction Greater with Valsartan

    Irbesartan 150 mg vs Valsartan 160 mg: 3.56 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.77, 6.38)

     

    Losartan 100 mg vs Valsartan 160 mg:

    3.31 mmHg (95% CI: 0.86, 5.79)

     

    Losartan 100 mg vs Valsartan 320 mg:

    3.84 mmHg (95% CI: 1.34, 6.31)

     

    DBP Reduction Greater with Valsartan

    Candesartan 16 mg vs Valsartan 160 mg:

    1.85 mmHg (95% CI: 0.34, 3.40)

     

    Irbesartan 150 mg vs Valsartan 160 mg: 2.06 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.71, 3.45)

     

    Losartan 100 mg vs Valsartan 160 mg:

    1.95 mmHg (95% CI: 0.81, 3.11)

     

    Losartan 100 mg vs Valsartan 320 mg:

    2.6 mmHg (95% CI: 1.45, 3.76)

    Valsartan 160 mg and 320 mg per day were more effective in SBP and DBP reduction compared to losartan 100 mg and valsartan 160 mg/day found to be more effective than irbesartan 150 mg/day.

     

    Valsartan provides BP reductions comparable to other ARBs.

    Xu FY, et al. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012;68:195-205. [50930]

    Meta-analysis to compare the eprosartan efficacy to other antihypertensive agents in the treatment of essential hypertension; included studies compared eprosartan to

     

    Placebo: 8 trials

    Losartan: 4 trials

    Telmisartan: 2 trials

    Valsartan: 1 trial

    Enalapril: 8 trials

    Nitrendipine: 1 trial

    Atenolol: 1 trial

    As compared to eprosartan, the weighted mean differences in SBP and DBP

     

    Placebo

    • SBP: 6.55 (95% CI: 4.86, 8.25)
    • DBP: 3.95 (95% CI: 2.77, 5.13)

    Losartan

    • SBP: 2.24 (95% CI: 0.08, 4.4)
    • DBP: 0.68 (95% CI: -1.67, 3.03)

     

    Telmisartan

    • SBP: -1.10 (95% CI: -3.05, 0.85)
    • DBP: -2.70 (95% CI: -5.34, 0.04)

     

    Valsartan

    • SBP: 1.00 (95% CI: -1.69, 3.69)
    • DBP: 1.60 (95% CI: -2.15, 5.35)
    Eprosartan is of comparable efficacy to losartan, telmisartan and valsartan in the treatment of essential hypertension.
    Hudson M, Et al. Pharmacotherapy 2007;27:526-34. [50918]

    Retrospective population-based study to compare the effectiveness of ARBs on morality in elderly patients with heart failure.

     

    Losartan: n=4192

    Valsartan: n=927

    Irbesartan: n-931

    Candesartan: n=692

    Telmisartan: n=134

    Adjusted Hazard Ratios (HR) with Losartan as the reference

     

    Losartan: 1.00

    Valsartan: 0.63 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.79)

    Irbesartan: 0.65 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.79)

    Candesartan: 0.71 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.90)

    Telmisartan: 0.92 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.54)

    Mortality was significantly lower with valsartan, irbesartan and candesartan compared to losartan. No difference was observed between losartan and telmisartan.

    Abbreviations: BP = blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; SBP = systolic blood pressure; ABPM = ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

    Adverse Reactions/Toxicities

    Cough

    Cough, a well-described adverse effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, has been reported at a lower incidence with angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy. ARBs do not inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme (kinase II) or have an effect on other enzymes involved in the metabolism of substance P, or other peptides, which are thought to play a role in the development of ACE inhibitor-induced cough. ARBs may be an alternative for patients intolerant to ACE inhibitors due to cough.[50913][38605][66459]

    Angioedema

    There have been reports of angioedema (swelling of lips and eyelids, facial rash) and anaphylactic reactions with ARBs; theoretically the risk of angioedema should be less with ARBs compared to ACE inhibitors. Patients with a history of angioedema with an ACE inhibitor may be started on an ARB 6 weeks after discontinuation of the ACE inhibitor.[32325][32326][32327][32328][32329][32330][32331][62854]

    Malignancy

    Evidence from animal studies and a meta-analysis suggest a potential association between ARBs and cancer; multiple other meta-analyses did not find an association. [50913][50952][50953][50954][50955][50956][50957] In June 2011, the FDA announced completion of its review of the data and that the use of ARBs for hypertension does not increase the risk of cancer.[44483] Based on review of the literature, there does not appear to be a link between ARB therapy and development of cancer.

    Increases in serum creatinine and nephrotoxicity

    Elevations in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen can occur with ARB therapy; patients with renal impairment or bilateral renal artery stenosis are more likely to experience elevations. Oliguria, progressive azotemia, and, rarely, acute renal failure and/or death have been reported. Acute renal failure has occurred with ARB therapy in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis. Renal function should be closely monitored during initial therapy.[62854][66453]

    Sprue-like enteropathy

    Sprue-like enteropathy has been reported in patients taking olmesartan. The enteropathy developed months to years after initiating therapy. Symptoms include severe, chronic diarrhea with substantial weight loss (median 18 kg; range, 2.5 to 57 kg). Villous atrophy was often observed on intestinal biopsy. There have been rare reports of enteropathy with other ARBs suggesting a class effect.[55216][50958][66454][66455][66456][66457]

    Hypotension

    Symptomatic hypotension has been reported with ARB therapy. If excessive hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, receive an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further treatment with an ARB, which usually can be given without difficulty once the blood pressure has stabilized. If symptomatic hypotension develops, a dose reduction or discontinuation of the ARB or concomitant diuretic may be necessary.

    Drug Interactions

    Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors

    Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with an ARB in patients with diabetes mellitus and not recommended in patients with renal impairment (CrCl less than 60 mL/min). Do not coadminister two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) inhibitors, such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs or aliskiren. Combination therapy increases the risk for hyperkalemia, renal impairment, hypotension, and other side effects. Most patients receiving combination therapy with 2 RAAS inhibitors do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy.[62854][66453][66458]

    Drugs that increase potassium levels

    Since ACE inhibitors have been associated with minor increases in serum potassium, clinically relevant hyperkalemia may occur during coadministration with agents that increase potassium. Some examples of medications that increase potassium include cyclosporine, eplerenone, drospirenone; ethinyl estradiol, potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium substitutes, potassium salts or salt substitutes, and trimethoprim. Monitor serum potassium levels during concomitant therapy.[51048][66458]

    Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters

    Losartan is a substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9; thus, coadministration with inhibitors or inducers of these isoenzymes may alter the systemic exposure to losartan. Valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic uptake transporter OATP1B1 and the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2. Coadministration of valsartan with OATP1B1 inhibitors (i.e., atazanavir, cyclosporine, daclatasvir, rifampin) or MRP2 inhibitors (i.e., ritonavir) may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Telmisartan may have some inhibitory effects on CYP2C19 and may theoretically alter the metabolism of substrates of this isoenzyme.[66458]

    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or Selective cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors (COX-2 inhibitors)

    Further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure, may occur in elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or renally impaired patients on both an ARB and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2 inhibitors); the effects are usually reversible. Monitor renal function in patients receiving concomitant therapy. Additionally, NSAIDs may reduce the antihypertensive effect of ARBs.[24233][66458]

    Lithium

    ARBs increase sodium excretion, which may result in increased reabsorption of lithium when the two agents are administered concomitantly. Monitor lithium levels, look signs of toxicity and adjust lithium dosage as needed when given with an ARB.[28654][66458]

    Safety Issues

    Pregnancy

    When pregnancy is detected, discontinue ARB therapy as soon as possible. Use of medications that affect the renin-angiotensin system, such as ARBs, during the second or third trimesters reduce fetal renal function, increase fetal and neonatal death, and cause fetal and neonatal injury such as hypotension, neonatal skull hypoplasia, anuria, reversible or irreversible renal failure, and death. Anhydramnios and oligohydraminos have also been reported. Women of childbearing age should be made aware of these harmful effects and consideration given to using another drug class.

    Hyperkalemia

    Despite a low incidence of hyperkalemia with ARBs, there is a potential for these drugs to worsen existing hyperkalemia through inhibition of aldosterone secretion. Patients with heart failure, advanced renal impairment or those taking potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements or salt substitutes may be at risk of developing hyperkalemia with ARB therapy.[62854]

    Hypotension

    Hypotension is an infrequent adverse effect of ARBs in patients with uncomplicated hypertension; however, it has been reported more frequently in patients with an activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (e.g. heart failure, volume or salt depleted, high dose diuretics) and post-myocardial infarction. Volume and salt depletion should be corrected prior to initiation of ARB therapy. Lower initial doses of ARBs may be recommended. If hypotension occurs, standard medical care should be provided.

    Hepatic impairment

    Hepatic impairment may alter the clearance of ARBs. Dose adjustments are recommended for candesartan, losartan, telmisartan in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. There is a lack of available data on the use of azilsartan, candesartan, losartan, and valsartan in patients with severe hepatic impairment. No dosage adjustments needed for irbesartan in patients with hepatic impairment.

    Renal impairment

    Patients dependent on the RAAS for renal function, such as those with heart failure, may experience a worsening of renal function with ARB therapy. Unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis and elevated serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen have been reported. Typically increases in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and potassium are transient in heart failure patients on ARB therapy; however, oliguria, progressive azotemia and, rarely acute renal failure has occurred. Renal function should be monitored during ARB therapy.

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