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    Dexamethasone

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    Oct.04.2024

    dexAMETHasone

    Indications/Dosage

    Labeled

    • acne rosacea
    • acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
    • Addison's disease
    • adrenocortical insufficiency
    • adrenogenital syndrome
    • allergic conjunctivitis
    • allergic rhinitis
    • alopecia
    • anaphylactic shock
    • anaphylaxis
    • angioedema
    • ankylosing spondylitis
    • anterior segment inflammation
    • asthma exacerbation
    • asthma maintenance
    • atopic dermatitis
    • bacterial conjunctivitis
    • berylliosis
    • bursitis
    • cerebral edema
    • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    • contact dermatitis
    • corneal abrasion
    • corneal ulcer
    • corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses
    • Crohn disease
    • cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL)
    • cyclitis
    • dermatitis
    • dermatitis herpetiformis
    • dermatomyositis
    • diabetic macular edema
    • discoid lupus erythematosus
    • drug-resistant tuberculosis infection
    • drug-susceptible tuberculosis infection
    • epicondylitis
    • erythema multiforme
    • erythroblastopenia
    • exfoliative dermatitis
    • food allergy
    • gouty arthritis
    • graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
    • granuloma annulare
    • hemolytic anemia
    • herpes zoster ocular infection
    • Hodgkin lymphoma
    • hypercalcemia
    • hypoplastic anemia
    • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppression diagnosis
    • immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
    • iritis
    • juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)/juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)
    • keloids
    • keratitis
    • kidney transplant rejection
    • lichen planus
    • lichen simplex
    • Loeffler's syndrome
    • macular edema following retinal vein occlusion
    • multiple myeloma
    • multiple sclerosis
    • myasthenia gravis
    • mycosis fungoides
    • necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum
    • nephrotic syndrome
    • non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
    • ocular burns
    • ocular inflammation
    • ocular pain
    • ocular pruritus
    • osteoarthritis
    • otitis externa
    • pemphigus
    • perennial allergies
    • pneumonitis
    • polymyositis
    • postoperative ocular inflammation
    • proteinuria
    • pruritus
    • psoriasis
    • psoriatic arthritis
    • rheumatic carditis
    • rheumatoid arthritis
    • sarcoidosis
    • seasonal allergies
    • seborrheic dermatitis
    • serum sickness
    • Stevens-Johnson syndrome
    • systemic lupus erythematosus
    • temporal arteritis
    • tenosynovitis
    • thrombocytopenia
    • thyroiditis
    • trichinosis
    • tuberculosis infection
    • ulcerative colitis
    • urticaria
    • uveitis
    • viral conjunctivitis

    General dosing information for systemic therapy

    • Dosage requirements are variable. Individualize doses based on the condition being treated and the response of the patient.[54285][54286]
    • Gradual withdrawal of dexamethasone after high-dose or prolonged therapy is recommended due to the possibility of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression. The following recommendations for withdrawal of corticosteroids based on the duration of therapy have been made: less than 2 weeks-may abruptly discontinue; 2 to 4 weeks-taper dose over 1 to 2 weeks; more than 4 weeks-taper slowly over 1 to 2 months to physiologic dose (approximately equivalent to 10 mg/m2/day of hydrocortisone) and discontinue after assessment of adrenal function has demonstrated recovery.[54137]
    • In general, when oral therapy is not an option, the same dose can be given IV.[54557]
    • In general, IM administration of drugs in very low birth weight premature neonates is not practical due to small muscle mass, and absorption is unreliable due to hemodynamic instability that is relatively common in this population.

     

    Estimated equivalent systemic Glucocorticoid dosages. These are general approximations and may not apply to all diseases or routes of administration.[64165]

    Cortisone-25 mg

    Hydrocortisone-20 mg

    Prednisolone-5 mg

    Prednisone-5 mg

    Methylprednisolone-4 mg

    Triamcinolone-4 mg

    Dexamethasone-0.75 mg

    Betamethasone-0.75 mg

    Off-Label

    • acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
    • altitude sickness
    • altitude sickness prophylaxis
    • amyloidosis
    • bronchiolitis
    • chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting
    • chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting prophylaxis
    • chronic lung disease (CLD)
    • Churg-Strauss syndrome
    • coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
    • dry eye disease
    • granulomatosis with polyangiitis
    • HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets)
    • hyponatremia overcorrection
    • infertility
    • laryngeal edema prophylaxis
    • laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
    • macroglobulinemia
    • Meniere disease
    • meningitis
    • mixed connective tissue disease
    • neonatal respiratory distress syndrome prophylaxis
    • neurocysticercosis
    • pharyngitis
    • polyarteritis nodosa
    • polychondritis
    • post-operative nausea/vomiting (PONV)
    • post-operative nausea/vomiting (PONV) prophylaxis
    • severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection
    • spinal cord compression
    • thyrotoxicosis
    • toxic epidermal necrolysis
    • vitiligo
    † Off-label indication

    For the treatment of adrenocortical function abnormalities, such as adrenocortical insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, chronic primary (Addison's disease) or secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, or adrenogenital syndrome

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.75 to 9 mg/day PO, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response. NOTE: Parenteral therapy may be needed in acute insufficiency. Hydrocortisone and cortisone are preferred for these conditions; dexamethasone has no mineralocorticoid properties. Dosages required may be variable.

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.15 to 0.375 mg/m2/day PO once daily has been recommended for patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.[54489] [54490] Although most experts recommend hydrocortisone as first-line treatment of adrenal insufficiency in pediatric patients whose linear growth is incomplete due to a lower incidence of growth suppression, other authors have stated that dexamethasone may be used safely with close monitoring and individualization of dose based on growth, bone age, and hormone levels. Liquid formulations of dexamethasone are recommended for more precise titration of doses.[54123] [54155] 0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Parenteral therapy may be needed in acute insufficiency.

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM, divided every 6 to 12 hours. Adjust according to patient response. NOTE: Hydrocortisone and cortisone are preferred for these conditions; dexamethasone has no mineralocorticoid properties. Dosages required may be variable.

    Infants, Children and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54285] [54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    INVESTIGATIONAL USE: For adjunctive use in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection†, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)†

    for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection†, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)† in hospitalized patients

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    6 mg PO once daily for up to 10 days or until hospital discharge, whichever comes first is recommended by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) COVID-19 treatment guidelines for use in hospitalized patients who require supplemental oxygen, including those on high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This recommendation also applies to pregnant women, as the potential benefit of decreased maternal mortality justifies the low risk of fetal adverse effects with the short course of therapy. The NIH advises clinicians to review the patient's medical history and assess the potential risks and benefits before starting dexamethasone.[65314] The World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends the use of systemic corticosteroids for 7 to 10 days in patients with severe or critical COVID-19.[65876]

    Children and Adolescents

    0.15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 6 mg/dose) PO once daily for up to 10 days, although data are limited. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) COVID-19 treatment guidelines recommend dexamethasone (with or without remdesivir) for hospitalized pediatric patients who require high-flow oxygen or noninvasive ventilation. Dexamethasone (without remdesivir) is also recommended for pediatric patients requiring mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The addition of baricitinib or tocilizumab may be considered for patients who do not have rapid (e.g., within 24 hours) improvement in oxygenation after initiation of dexamethasone. Corticosteroids are not routinely recommended for pediatric patients who require only conventional oxygen, but corticosteroids can be considered in combination with remdesivir for patients with increasing oxygen needs, particularly adolescents. The use of dexamethasone for treatment of severe COVID-19 in pediatric patients who are profoundly immunocompromised has not been evaluated and may be harmful; in such cases, treatment should be considered on a case-by-case basis.[65314]

    Intravenous dosage

    Adults

    6 mg IV once daily for up to 10 days or until hospital discharge, whichever comes first is recommended by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) COVID-19 treatment guidelines for use in hospitalized patients who require supplemental oxygen, including those on high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This recommendation also applies to pregnant women, as the potential benefit of decreased maternal mortality justifies the low risk of fetal adverse effects with the short course of therapy. The NIH advises clinicians to review the patient's medical history and assess the potential risks and benefits before starting dexamethasone.[65314] The World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends the use of systemic corticosteroids for 7 to 10 days in patients with severe or critical COVID-19.[65876]

    Children and Adolescents

    0.15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 6 mg/dose) IV once daily for up to 10 days, although data are limited. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) COVID-19 treatment guidelines recommend dexamethasone (with or without remdesivir) for hospitalized pediatric patients who require high-flow oxygen or noninvasive ventilation. Dexamethasone (without remdesivir) is also recommended for pediatric patients requiring mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The addition of baricitinib or tocilizumab may be considered for patients who do not have rapid (e.g., within 24 hours) improvement in oxygenation after initiation of dexamethasone. Corticosteroids are not routinely recommended for pediatric patients who require only conventional oxygen, but corticosteroids can be considered in combination with remdesivir for patients with increasing oxygen needs, particularly adolescents. The use of dexamethasone for treatment of severe COVID-19 in pediatric patients who are profoundly immunocompromised has not been evaluated and may be harmful; in such cases, treatment should be considered on a case-by-case basis.[65314]

    for the treatment of hyperinflammation in pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)†

    Oral dosage

    Children and Adolescents

    0.15 to 0.3 mg/kg/dose (Max: 6 mg/dose) PO once daily for up to 10 days is recommended as first-line immunomodulatory treatment in patients with persistent oxygen requirements due to COVID-19.[65707]

    Intravenous dosage

    Children and Adolescents

    0.15 to 0.3 mg/kg/dose (Max: 6 mg/dose) IV once daily for up to 10 days is recommended as first-line immunomodulatory treatment in patients with persistent oxygen requirements due to COVID-19.[65707]

    For hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppression diagnosis (e.g., dexamethasone suppression tests)

    for use as a test for Cushing's syndrome

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    0.5 mg PO every 6 hours for 48 hours. 24-hour urine collections are made for determination of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion. Alternatively, 1 mg PO at 11:00 p.m. with plasma cortisol concentration measured at 8:00 a.m. the following morning.

    Children and Adolescents

    25 to 30 mcg/kg/dose PO (Max: 2 mg/dose PO) given at 11:00 p.m. with a plasma cortisol concentration measured at 8:00 a.m. the following morning. A plasma cortisol concentration of less than 5 mcg/dL occurs in normal individuals but not those with Cushing's syndrome. Measure a dexamethasone concentration concurrently with the cortisol concentration to ensure adequacy of the dexamethasone dose.[54499]

    for use as a test to distinguish Cushing's syndrome secondary to pituitary ACTH excess from Cushing's syndrome secondary to other causes

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    2 mg PO every 6 hours for 48 hours. 24-hour urine collections are made for determination of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion.

    Children and Adolescents

    120 mcg/kg/dose PO (Max: 8 mg/dose PO) given at 11:00 p.m. with a plasma cortisol concentration measured at 8:00 a.m. the following morning. A decrease in the morning cortisol of 20% or more from baseline had a 97.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity in distinguishing patients with Cushing's disease from those with primary adrenal disorders in a retrospective study (n = 125, age 3 to 18 years). Measure a dexamethasone concentration concurrently with the cortisol concentration to ensure adequacy of the dexamethasone dose.[54501] Alternatively, a 2 day test consisting of 30 mcg/kg/day PO on day 1 and 120 mcg/kg/day PO on day 2, each given in 4 divided doses, has been recommended. Cortisol concentrations are suppressed in patients with pituitary Cushing's syndrome after the larger dose but not the smaller dose; cortisol concentrations are not suppressed after dexamethasone in patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent Cushing syndrome.[54499]

    for unresponsive anaphylactic shock

    Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection)

    Adults

    Various dosage regimens have been used. 1 to 6 mg/kg IV or 40 mg IV every 4 to 6 hours while shock persists. Alternatively, 20 mg IV injection followed by an IV infusion of 3 mg/kg over 24 hours.[60760] Corticosteroids are given as adjunctive therapy to epinephrine.[66106] [64564]

    for treatment of anaphylaxis or other severe allergic disorders

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM, in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response.[60760] Corticosteroids are not indicated as initial treatment for anaphylaxis, but can be given as adjunctive therapy after the administration of epinephrine.[66106] [64564]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[60760] [54286] Adjust according to patient response. Corticosteroids are not indicated as initial treatment for anaphylaxis, but can be given as adjunctive therapy after the administration of epinephrine.[66106] [64564]

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.75 to 9 mg/day PO, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response.[54286]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    tapering regimen for acute, self-limited allergic disorders or acute exacerbations of chronic allergic disorders

    Intramuscular and Oral dosage

    Adults

    4 to 8 mg IM as a single dose on day 1. Then change to oral therapy, 1.5 mg PO twice daily on days 2 and 3; then 0.75 mg PO twice daily on day 4; then 0.75 mg PO once daily on days 5 and 6, then discontinue.[54286] [54285]

    For the prevention of extubation failure in pediatric patients at increased risk for laryngeal edema (i.e., laryngeal edema prophylaxis†)

    Intravenous dosage

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 10 mg/dose) IV every 6 hours for 6 doses with the first dose given 6 to 12 hours prior to extubation.[54396] [54507] [64934] One prospective, randomized study (n = 153) found no significant difference in the risk of postextubation stridor, the average number of racemic epinephrine treatments, or the number of patients requiring reintubation in patients receiving dexamethasone compared to those receiving placebo.[54396] Another prospective, randomized study (n = 66) found that dexamethasone-treated patients had a significantly lower rate of postextubation stridor at 10 minutes, 6 hours, and 12 hours but not 24 hours and fewer patients requiring epinephrine or reintubation compared to placebo-treated patients.[54507] A systematic review of clinical trials of dexamethasone for the prevention of postextubation stridor concluded that therapy may be beneficial in high-risk patients, such as those with underlying airway anomalies or multiple airway manipulations.[54508]

    Neonates

    Various regimens have been used. 0.25 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours for 3 doses with the first dose given approximately 4 hours prior to scheduled extubation was studied in a prospective, randomized trial in 50 premature neonates (mean gestational age, 27.7 to 28.7 weeks) who were at high risk for airway edema. The rate of postextubation stridor and reintubation was significantly lower in the dexamethasone group compared to the placebo group.[24997] A systematic review of clinical trials of dexamethasone for the prevention of extubation failure recommends therapy be reserved for use in high risk neonates, such as those with repeated or prolonged intubations, due to a lack of benefit in low risk neonates and the risk of adverse effects.[54509] Use preservative-free products for administration to neonates when possible.

    For the treatment of cerebral edema associated with primary or metastatic brain tumor, craniotomy, or head injury

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection)

    Adults

    10 mg IV or IM as a single dose, followed by 4 mg IV or IM every 6 hours, until symptoms subside, then reduce dosage. A response should be seen within 12 to 24 hours, and a gradual dose reduction begun after 2 to 4 days, reducing over another 5 to 7 days. Replace with oral dosage as soon as possible. For palliative maintenance therapy when oral therapy is not feasible, 2 mg IM or IV can be given 2 to 3 times per day, if needed. Use is not a substitute for neurosurgical evaluation and definitive management such as neurosurgery, etc.[60760]

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    For cerebral edema, 1 to 3 mg PO three times daily, can follow parenteral therapy; then, taper off over a period of 5 to 7 days.[60760] For palliative management of recurrent or inoperable brain tumors, maintenance with 2 mg PO given 2 or 3 times daily may be effective.[30011]

    for treatment of cerebral edema in pediatric patients

    Intravenous and Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    Initially, 1 to 1.5 mg/kg/dose IV, then 1 to 1.5 mg/kg/day IV in divided doses every 3 to 4 hours was used in conjunction with hyperventilation, control of body temperature, barbiturates, and continuous intracranial and arterial pressure monitoring in pediatric patients with severe head injury (n = 24, age 3 months to 14 years).[54512] 0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved dosage range. Adjust according to patient response. Use is not a substitute for neurosurgical evaluation and definitive management such as neurosurgery, etc.[54285] [54286]

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day PO or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response. Use is not a substitute for neurosurgical evaluation and definitive management such as neurosurgery, etc.

    For use as an adjunct in the management of extradural malignant spinal cord compression† (MSCC†) associated with metastatic disease

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone) or Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    A bolus of 8 to 10 mg dexamethasone (or equivalent) PO or IV, followed by 16 mg/day PO (usually in twice-daily to four-times-daily doses for tolerance) is a typical dose; doses are adjusted to patient condition and are either maintained or tapered over a few weeks dependent on radiation therapy cycles and/or anticipated surgery. A broad dosage range of 16 to 100 mg/day has been used depending on the presence of paraparesis, etc. Higher quality data are needed to establish the benefits vs. risks and optimal dose and duration of therapy. Experts generally agree that patients who have neurologic deficits should receive dexamethasone; many patients with MSCC require corticosteroids to help preserve neurologic function, such as ambulation.[24582] [51639]

    to mitigate the effects of acute spinal cord compression† or large mediastinal masses† that are causing respiratory failure in pediatric patients with cancer

    Intravenous dosage

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    1 to 2 mg/kg IV load followed by 0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 6 hours. Max: 16 mg/dose.[64934]

    For the adjunctive treatment of bacterial meningitis†

    NOTE: For CNS infections related to tuberculosis, see tuberculosis.

    Intravenous dosage

    Adults

    0.15 mg/kg/dose IV every 6 hours for 2 to 4 days for pneumococcal meningitis; administer the first dose 10 to 20 minutes before or concomitantly with the first dose of antimicrobial agent. Do not administer to patients who have already received antimicrobial therapy as this is unlikely to improve patient outcome.[32690]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.15 mg/kg/dose IV every 6 hours for 2 to 4 days for H. influenzae type b; administer the first dose 10 to 20 minutes before or concomitantly with the first dose of antimicrobial agent. Do not administer to patients who have already received antimicrobial therapy as this is unlikely to improve patient outcome. Use in pneumococcal meningitis is controversial and may be considered in those older than 6 weeks of age after weighing the possible benefits and risks.[32690]

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    0.15 mg/kg/dose PO every 6 hours for 2 to 4 days for pneumococcal meningitis; administer the first dose 10 to 20 minutes before or concomitantly with the first dose of antimicrobial agent. Do not administer to patients who have already received antimicrobial therapy as this is unlikely to improve patient outcome.[32690]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.15 mg/kg/dose PO every 6 hours for 2 to 4 days for H. influenzae type b; administer the first dose 10 to 20 minutes before or concomitantly with the first dose of antimicrobial agent. Do not administer to patients who have already received antimicrobial therapy as this is unlikely to improve patient outcome. Use in pneumococcal meningitis is controversial and may be considered in those older than 6 weeks of age after weighing the possible benefits and risks.[32690]

    For the treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis infection or drug-resistant tuberculosis infection as adjunctive therapy in combination with antituberculous therapy

    for the treatment of tuberculosis infection as adjunctive therapy in combination with antituberculous therapy in persons without HIV and a Glasgow coma score of 15 (without focal neurologic deficits)

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    0.3 mg/kg/dose PO once daily and taper by 0.1 mg/kg/dose weekly until 0.1 mg/kg/dose, then 3 mg PO once daily and taper by 1 mg/dose weekly for a total duration of 6 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[60760] [61094] [69585] [69587] [69589]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg/dose PO once daily for 4 to 6 weeks, then taper dose over 2 to 4 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[54286] [61094] [66745] [69585] [69587] [69589]

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage

    Adults

    0.3 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily and taper by 0.1 mg/kg/dose weekly until 0.1 mg/kg/dose, then 3 mg IV or IM once daily and taper by 1 mg/dose weekly for a total duration of 6 weeks. Switch to oral therapy when possible. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[60760] [61094] [69585] [69587] [69589]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily for 4 to 6 weeks, then taper dose over 2 to 4 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[54286] [60760] [61094] [66745] [69585] [69586] [69587] [69589]

    for the treatment of tuberculosis infection as adjunctive therapy in combination with antituberculous therapy in persons without HIV and a Glasgow coma score of less than 15

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    0.4 mg/kg/dose PO once daily and taper by 0.1 mg/kg/dose weekly until 0.1 mg/kg/dose, then 4 mg PO once daily and taper by 1 mg/dose weekly for a total duration of 8 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[54286] [61094] [69585] [69587] [69589]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg/dose PO once daily for 4 to 6 weeks, then taper dose over 2 to 4 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[54286] [61094] [66745] [69585] [69587] [69589]

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage

    Adults

    0.4 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily and taper by 0.1 mg/kg/dose weekly until 0.1 mg/kg/dose, then 4 mg IV or IM once daily and taper by 1 mg/dose weekly for a total duration of 8 weeks. Switch to oral therapy when possible. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[60760] [61094] [69585] [69587] [69589]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily for 4 to 6 weeks, then taper dose over 2 to 4 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[54286] [60760] [61094] [66745] [69585] [69586] [69587] [69589]

    for the treatment of tuberculosis infection as adjunctive therapy in combination with antituberculous therapy in persons living with HIV

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    0.3 to 0.4 mg/kg/dose PO once daily for 2 to 4 weeks, then taper by 0.1 mg/kg/dose weekly until 0.1 mg/kg/dose, and then 4 mg PO once daily and taper by 1 mg/dose weekly for a total duration of 12 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[34362] [54286] [61094] [69585][69587] [69589]

    Adolescents

    0.3 to 0.4 mg/kg/dose PO once daily for 2 to 4 weeks, then taper by 0.1 mg/kg/dose weekly until 0.1 mg/kg/dose, and then 4 mg PO once daily and taper by 1 mg/dose weekly for a total duration of 12 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[34362] [54286] [61094] [69585] [69587] [69589]

    Infants and Children

    0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg/dose PO once daily for 4 to 6 weeks, then taper dose over 2 to 4 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[34361] [54286] [61094] [66745] [69585] [69586] [69587] [69589]

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage

    Adults

    0.3 to 0.4 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily for 2 to 4 weeks, then taper by 0.1 mg/kg/dose weekly until 0.1 mg/kg/dose, and then 4 mg IV or IM once daily and taper by 1 mg/dose weekly for a total duration of 12 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[34362] [60760] [61094] [69585] [69587] [69589]

    Adolescents

    0.3 to 0.4 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily for 2 to 4 weeks, then taper by 0.1 mg/kg/dose weekly until 0.1 mg/kg/dose, and then 4 mg IV or IM once daily and taper by 1 mg/dose weekly for a total duration of 12 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[34362] [60760] [61094] [69585] [69587] [69589]

    Infants and Children

    0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily for 4 to 6 weeks, then taper dose over 2 to 4 weeks. Guidelines recommend as adjunct therapy for meningitis. Routine use outside of CNS involvement is not recommended; however, select patients may benefit.[34361] [54286] [60760] [61094] [66745] [69585] [69586] [69587] [69589]

    For the treatment of kidney transplant rejection in conjunction with other immunosuppressants or for the treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution for injection)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM, in divided doses. Adjust according to patient response. Renal transplant guidelines recommend corticosteroids for the initial treatment of acute rejection.[51730] [51731]

    Children and Adolescents

    0.06 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 1.2 to 10 mg/m2/day IM or IV in divided doses every 6 to 12 hours. Renal transplant guidelines recommend corticosteroids for the initial treatment of acute rejection.[51730] [51731]

    For the reduction of edema and inflammation associated with selected cases of otitis externa

    Otic dosage (using dexamethasone sodium phosphate ophthalmic solution)

    Adults, Adolescents, and Children

    Instill 3 or 4 drops (ophthalmic solution) into the aural canal 2 to 3 times per day. When a favorable response is obtained, reduce dosage gradually and eventually discontinue. If preferred, the aural canal may be packed with a gauze wick saturated with solution. Keep the wick moist with solution and remove from the ear after 12 to 24 hours. May repeat as needed at the discretion of the prescriber. There is no specific otic solution preparation; use ophthalmic solution. Used for steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and nonpurulent infective otitis externa when the hazard of steroid use is accepted to decrease edema and inflammation.[54348]

    For the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting† (CINV†) and for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting prophylaxis†

    Intravenous (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection solution) or Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guideline-based dosage regimens are stratified according to patient risk. HIGHLY EMETOGENIC CHEMOTHERAPY: 12 mg PO or IV prior to chemotherapy, then 8 mg PO or IV on days 2 to 3 or days 2 to 4. If an NK1 receptor antagonist is not included in the anti-emetic regimen, increase to dexamethasone 20 mg PO or IV prior to chemotherapy, then 16 mg PO or IV on days 2 to 3 or days 2 to 4. MODERATELY EMETOGENIC CHEMOTHERAPY: 8 mg PO or IV prior to chemotherapy, then 8 mg PO or IV on days 2 and 3. LOW EMOTOGENIC RISK CHEMOTHERAPY: 8 mg PO or IV as a single dose prior to chemotherapy.[63197] (NOTE: Other regimens have been used historically during chemotherapy - e.g., 10 to 20 mg IV before administration of chemotherapy, with additional, lower doses given for 24 to 72 hours, as needed).

    Children and Adolescents

    10 to 14 mg/m2/dose IV is usually used prior to chemotherapy. A 5-HT3 antagonist is usually given along with dexamethasone for highly-emetogenic chemotherapy. An example regimen: dexamethasone 10 mg/m2/dose IV once daily, along with ondansetron. Some patients receive repeat dexamethasone every 12 hours, either IV or PO, but optimal regimens for repeat dosing are not established. For chemotherapy that is less emetogenic, doses as low as 6 mg/m2/dose PO have been given. The optimal dose of steroids for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting (CINV) in children is not determined, and there are safety considerations.[49435] [54434]

    For the treatment of pruritus and inflammatory effects of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses and dermatologic disorders, including alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, contact dermatitis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) or mycosis fungoides, discoid lupus erythematosus, exfoliative dermatitis, granuloma annulare, keloids, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus or neurodermatitis, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, pemphigus, plaque psoriasis, severe seborrheic dermatitis, severe erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis† (TEN)

    for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, contact dermatitis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) or mycosis fungoides, exfoliative dermatitis, pemphigus, severe seborrheic dermatitis, and severe erythema multiforme

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    0.75 to 9 mg/day PO in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust dose according to response.[30011]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO in 3 to 4 divided doses, initially. Adjust dose according to response.[54286]

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust dose according to response.[60760]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM in 3 to 4 divided doses. Adjust dose according to response.[54286] [60760]

    for the treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis† (TEN)

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate, standard dose)

    Adults

    8 to 16 mg or 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily, then taper dose over 7 to 10 days.[68070] [68102]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily, then taper dose over 7 to 10 days.[68070] [68102]

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate, pulse dose)

    Adults

    100 mg or 1 to 1.5 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily for 3 days.[68070] [68100] [68101]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    1 to 1.5 mg/kg/dose IV or IM once daily for 3 days.[68070] [68100] [68101]

    for the treatment of alopecia areata, aponeurosis or tendon (ganglia) cystic tumors, discoid lupus erythematosus, granuloma annulare, keloids, lichen planus, lichen simplex, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, and plaque psoriasis

    Intralesional or Soft Tissue dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    2 to 6 mg by intralesional injection; may repeat dose every 3 to 5 days to every 2 to 3 weeks. Dosage dependent upon degree of inflammation, size, disease state, and location of affected area. Usually employed when condition to be treated is limited to 1 or 2 sites.[60760]

    For adjunctive therapy in the treatment of rheumatic disorders including acute gouty arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)/juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), post-traumatic osteoarthritis, synovitis of osteoarthritis, and for psoriatic arthritis; or for the treatment of acute episodes or exacerbation of nonrheumatic inflammatory conditions including acute and subacute bursitis, epicondylitis, acute non-specific tenosynovitis, and cystic tumors of an aponeurosis tendon (ganglia)

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.75 to 9 mg/day PO, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response.[30011]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection solution)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM, in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust maintenance dosage according to patient response.[60760]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54285] [54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    Intra-Articular or Intrasynovial injection dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection solution)

    Adults

    Dosage ranges from 2 to 4 mg for large joints and 0.8 to 1 mg for small joints. Injection into intervertebral joints should not be attempted at any time and hip joint injection cannot be recommended as an office procedure. Intrasynovial should be employed only when affected areas are limited to 1 or 2 sites. May repeat from once every 3 to 5 days to once every 2 to 3 weeks.[60760]

    Intralesional or Soft Tissue dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection solution)

    Adults

    The 4 mg/mL injection strength may be used for intralesional and soft tissue administration. Doses range from 0.2 mg to 4 mg injected as a single dose at the appropriate site. For soft tissue and bursal injections a dose of 2 to 4 mg is recommended. Ganglia require a dose of 1 to 2 mg. A dose of 0.4 to 1 mg is used for injection into tendon sheaths. Usually employed when condition to be treated is limited to 1 or 2 sites. Dosage dependent upon degree of inflammation, size, disease state, and location of affected area. Repeat doses may be given from once every 3 to 5 days to once every 2 to 3 weeks.[60760]

    For the treatment of hematologic disorders such as secondary thrombocytopenia in adults, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, congenital hypoplastic anemia, and thrombocytopenia associated with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.75 to 9 mg/day PO, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. For many conditions, the dosing of corticosteroids is highly variable. Adjust according to patient response. In an open study of 10 patients with ITP, pulse dosing produced a sustained improvement in platelet count with a total daily dose of 40 mg/day PO for 4 consecutive days out of each 28 day cycle for 6 consecutive cycles.[24390]

    Infants, Children and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    Intramuscular or Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. For many conditions, the dosing of corticosteroids is highly variable. Adjust according to patient response.

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54285] [54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    For the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)†

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM, in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response.

    Children and Adolescents

    0.06 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 1.2 to 10 mg/m2/day IV or IM, in divided doses every 6 to 12 hours.

    For the treatment of respiratory conditions including aspiration pneumonitis, berylliosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, Loeffler's syndrome

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.75 to 9 mg/day PO, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. Dosage of corticosteroids can be highly variable, depending on patient condition. Adjust according to patient response.

    Infants, Children and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response. Administer dexamethasone IV or IM initially for the treatment of severe respiratory conditions or those compromising the airway.

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM, in 2 to 4 divided doses. Dosage of corticosteroids can be highly variable, depending on patient condition. Adjust according to patient response.[54557]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54285] [54286] Adjust according to patient response. Administer dexamethasone IV or IM initially for the treatment of severe respiratory conditions or those compromising the airway.

    For asthma exacerbation

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    Initially, 0.75 to 9 mg/day PO, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response.[54286] Use of dexamethasone for longer than 2 days may increase the potential for metabolic side effects. Use parenteral dexamethasone dosage for severe respiratory conditions or those compromising the airway.[64807] Although prednisone, prednisolone, or methylprednisolone are the systemic corticosteroids of choice for the management of moderate to severe asthma exacerbations, other corticosteroids such as dexamethasone, given in equipotent daily doses are likely to be as effective.[33558]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.6 mg/kg/dose PO as a single dose or once daily for 2 days. Max: 16 mg/dose.[54531] [54533] [59736] [59737] [64934] Administer dexamethasone IV or IM initially for the treatment of severe respiratory conditions or those compromising the airway. Single or 2-day regimens of dexamethasone have shown similar efficacy, less vomiting, and improved compliance when compared to a 5-day course of oral prednisone or prednisolone.[54531] [54533] [59736] [59737] Use of dexamethasone for longer than 2 days may increase the potential for metabolic side effects.[64807] Although prednisone, prednisolone, or methylprednisolone are the systemic corticosteroids of choice for the management of moderate to severe asthma exacerbations, other corticosteroids such as dexamethasone, given in equipotent daily doses are likely to be as effective.[33558] Of note, 0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved initial dosage range for dexamethasone; however, this is significantly lower than the range used in clinical practice.[54286]

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution injection)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM, in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response.[54285] Use of dexamethasone for longer than 2 days may increase the potential for metabolic side effects.[64807] Although prednisone, prednisolone, or methylprednisolone are the systemic corticosteroids of choice for the management of moderate to severe asthma exacerbations, other corticosteroids such as dexamethasone, given in equipotent daily doses are likely to be as effective.[33558]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.6 mg/kg/dose IV or IM as a single dose or once daily for 2 days. Max: 16 mg/dose.[54357] [59738] [64934] Single-dose regimens ranging from 0.3 to 1.7 mg/kg/dose have been reported. Max: 36 mg/dose.[59736] In a study of young children with moderate exacerbations, a single day regimen of parenteral dexamethasone resulted in similar efficacy as a 5-day course of oral prednisolone.[59738] Use of dexamethasone for longer than 2 days may increase the potential for metabolic side effects.[64807] Although prednisone, prednisolone, or methylprednisolone are the systemic corticosteroids of choice for the management of moderate to severe asthma exacerbations, other corticosteroids such as dexamethasone, given in equipotent daily doses are likely to be as effective.[33558] Of note, 0.5 to 9 mg per day IV or IM is the FDA-approved initial dosage range depending on the condition being treated; however, higher doses are sometimes used in clinical practice.[54285] [54286]

    For the treatment of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)†

    Oral dosage

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.15 to 0.6 mg/kg/dose (Usual Max: 16 mg/dose) PO as a single dose.[54351] [54542] [54543] [59648] [64934]

    Intravenous and Intramuscular dosage

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.15 to 0.6 mg/kg/dose (Usual Max: 16 mg/dose) IV or IM as a single dose.[54542] [54544] [64934]

    For fetal lung maturation and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome prophylaxis† in individuals at risk for preterm delivery

    Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    6 mg IM every 12 hours for 4 doses between 24 and 34 weeks gestation with risk for preterm delivery within 7 days. Use may also be considered starting at 22 weeks gestation if neonatal resuscitation is planned and after appropriate counseling. If labor is impending and further doses are unlikely, the first dose of dexamethasone should still be given because treatment with corticosteroids for less than 24 hours is still associated with a significant reduction in neonatal morbidity/mortality. However, no additional benefit has been demonstrated for courses of antenatal steroids with shorter dosage intervals than those recommended, often referred to as accelerated dosing, even when delivery is imminent. A repeat or rescue course of corticosteroids may be considered when less than 34 weeks gestation, with risk of preterm delivery within the next 7 days, and whose prior course of antenatal corticosteroids was administered more than 14 days previously. Rescue course corticosteroids could be provided as early as 7 days from the prior dose if indicated by clinical situation.[64435] [69147] [69183] [69184]

    Adolescents

    6 mg IM every 12 hours for 4 doses between 24 and 34 weeks gestation with risk for preterm delivery within 7 days. Use may also be considered starting at 22 weeks gestation if neonatal resuscitation is planned and after appropriate counseling. If labor is impending and further doses are unlikely, the first dose of dexamethasone should still be given because treatment with corticosteroids for less than 24 hours is still associated with a significant reduction in neonatal morbidity/mortality. However, no additional benefit has been demonstrated for courses of antenatal steroids with shorter dosage intervals than those recommended, often referred to as accelerated dosing, even when delivery is imminent. A repeat or rescue course of corticosteroids may be considered when less than 34 weeks gestation, with risk of preterm delivery within the next 7 days, and whose prior course of antenatal corticosteroids was administered more than 14 days previously. Rescue course corticosteroids could be provided as early as 7 days from the prior dose if indicated by clinical situation.[64435] [69147] [69183] [69184]

    For the prevention of chronic lung disease (CLD)† in mechanically ventilated neonates

    Intravenous dosage

    Preterm Neonates

    Numerous dosing schedules have been studied. The Dexamethasone: A Randomized Trial (DART) study (n = 70, median gestational age 25 weeks) used the following tapering dose schedule over 10 days: 0.075 mg/kg/dose IV twice daily for 3 days, followed by 0.05 mg/kg/dose IV twice daily for 3 days, followed by 0.025 mg/kg/dose IV twice daily for 2 days, followed by 0.01 mg/kg/dose IV twice daily for 2 days. This dosing regimen facilitated extubation by day 10 but did not significantly improve mortality or oxygen dependence at 36 weeks; follow-up at 2 years of age did not indicate any significant adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates treated with dexamethasone.[54555] [54556] Use is somewhat controversial, and most experts suggest using low doses and careful patient selection. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends against the use of high-dose dexamethasone (more than 0.5 mg/kg/day) due to the risk of short- and long-term adverse effects, including neurodevelopmental effects.[54338] Late corticosteroid therapy (initiated after 7 days of age) may be preferred over early therapy (initiated at less than 7 days of age). Late therapy may reduce neonatal mortality without significantly increasing potential adverse long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.[64673] [64674] [70386] [70387]

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.75 to 9 mg/day PO, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. For many conditions, the dosing of corticosteroids is highly variable. Adjust to patient response.[30011]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54285] [54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    Oral dosage

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    Intravenous and Intramuscular dosage

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54285] [54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    For the treatment of nephrotic syndrome to induce diuresis or decrease proteinuria

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    Initially, 0.75 to 9 mg/day PO, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response until urine is protein-free, then slowly taper as indicated. Some patients may require long-term dosing.

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54285] [54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    For therapy in selected cases of acute rheumatic carditis, systemic dermatomyositis (polymyositis), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), temporal arteritis, Churg-Strauss syndrome†, mixed connective tissue disease†, polyarteritis nodosa†, relapsing polychondritis†, polymyalgia rheumatica†, symptomatic sarcoidosis, vasculitis†, or granulomatosis with polyangiitis†; also for the treatment of neurologic or myocardial involvement associated with trichinosis

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    Initially, 0.75 to 9 mg/day PO, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. Dosing can be quite variable, depending on the patient's condition. Adjust according to patient response.

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    Intramuscular or Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM, in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response.

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54285] [54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    For the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma

    Oral dosage

    Adults and Children

    Dosages vary depending upon the chemotherapy protocol. Common doses include 1.5 to 6 mg/m2/day PO for 8 to 21 days or 8 mg PO every 8 hours for 10 days.

    For the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)

    for the palliative treatment of NHL

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    initial, 0.75 to 9 mg orally daily; dose is dependent on the disease being treated and should be individualized based on patient response. Maintenance therapy may be given; use the lowest dose that produces an adequate clinical response. Taper dexamethasone gradually in patients on long-term therapy; do not abruptly stop therapy in these patients.[60761]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    initial, 0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg (0.6 mg to 9 mg/m2) orally daily in 3 or 4 divided doses. Dose is dependent on the disease being treated and should be individualized based on patient response. Maintenance therapy may be given; use the lowest dose that produces an adequate clinical response. Taper dexamethasone gradually in patients on long-term therapy; do not abruptly stop therapy in these patients.[60761]

    Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection)

    Adults

    initial, 0.5 to 9 mg IV daily; dose is dependent on the disease being treated and should be individualized based on patient response. Maintenance therapy may be given; use the lowest dose that produces an adequate clinical response. Taper dexamethasone gradually in patients receiving IV therapy for more than a few days; do not abruptly stop therapy in these patients.[60760]

    for the treatment of relapsed or refractory, aggressive NHL in transplant eligible patients, in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin (and rituximab for CD20-positive disease)†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    40 mg orally daily on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 in combination with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 IV on days 1 and 8 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 IV on day 1 (GDP regimen) every 21 days for 2 cycles was evaluated in a randomized, phase III trial (NCIC-CTG LY.12 trial). In patients with CD20-positive lymphoma, rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV was added on day 1 of each treatment cycle (R-GDP regimen). Patients in the trial could receive a third cycle of therapy if they did not achieve a complete or partial response after the second cycle. Patients with CD20-positive lymphoma who received an autologous stem-cell transplant (ASCT) were randomized to receive either rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV every 2 months for 6 cycles or observation starting 28 days post ASCT.[60756]

    for the treatment of relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in transplant eligible patients, in combination with cisplatin and cytarabine (DHAP regimen) and ofatumumab†

    Oral or Intravenous dosage

    Adults

    40 mg orally or IV on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 as part of the DHAP regimen with cisplatin 100 mg/m2 as a continuous IV infusion over 24 hours on day 1 and cytarabine 2 grams/m2 IV over 3 hours every 12 hours for 2 doses on day 2 in combination with ofatumumab 1,000 mg IV on days 1 and 8 of cycle 1 then ofatumumab 1,000 mg IV on day 1 of cycles 2 and 3 was evaluated in a randomized, phase III trial (n = 445; the ORCHARRD trial). Cycles were repeated every 21 days for a total of 3 cycles of therapy. Premedication with acetaminophen, diphenhydramine, and an IV glucocorticoid was administered prior to each ofatumumab infusion. If dexamethasone from the DHAP chemotherapy was dosed on the same day as ofatumumab, then the glucocorticoid premedication was omitted and substituted with the 40-mg dose of dexamethasone. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor use was recommended as follows: filgrastim 5 micrograms (mcg)/kg on days 6 to 13 or pegfilgrastim 6 mg on day 6 on cycles of therapy with no stem-cell mobilization and filgrastim 5 to 10 mcg/kg on days 6 to 13 on cycles of therapy that were followed by stem-cell mobilization. Central nervous system prophylaxis using intrathecal therapy was permitted. Supportive care during treatment consisted of irradiated blood products, oral antibiotics, and antifungal prophylaxis as clinically indicated.[61715]

    For the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    6 to 10 mg/m2/day PO for 14 days as part of induction, consolidation, or intensification combination regimens.

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range [54286]; however, doses may vary according to the specific protocol used.

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg IV or IM daily; dose is dependent on the disease being treated and should be individualized based on patient response. Maintenance therapy may be given; use the lowest dose that produces an adequate response. Taper dexamethasone gradually in patients receiving parenteral therapy for more than a few days; do not abruptly stop treatment.[60760]

    Adolescents, Children, and Infants

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range [54285] [54286]; however, doses may vary according to the specific protocol used.

    For the treatment of multiple myeloma

    NOTE: Dexamethasone has been designated an orphan drug by the FDA for the treatment of multiple myeloma.

    for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, in combination with lenalidomide

    Oral dosage

    Adults 75 years and younger

    40 mg orally on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; administer in combination with lenalidomide (25 mg orally daily for 21 days followed by 7 days off treatment). Continue 28-day treatment cycles until disease progression in patients who are ineligible for an autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT); hematopoietic stem-cell mobilization should occur within four 28-day treatment cycles in patients who are eligible for an ASCT.[65868] [58806]

    Geriatric Adults older than 75 years

    20 mg orally on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; administer in combination with lenalidomide (25 mg orally daily for 21 days followed by 7 days off treatment). Continue 28-day treatment cycles until disease progression.[65868] [58806]

    for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 1 prior therapy, in combination with lenalidomide

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    40 mg orally daily on days 1 to 4, 9 to 12, and 17 to 20 every 28 days for the first 4 cycles of therapy, and then 40 mg orally daily on days 1 to 4 every 28 days starting with cycle 5. Given in combination with lenalidomide (25 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 of each cycle). Continue or modify dosing based on clinical and laboratory findings.[65868] [58806]

    for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, in combination with thalidomide

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    40 mg orally daily on days 1 to 4, days 9 to 12, and days 17 to 20 of every 28-day treatment cycle plus thalidomide 200 mg orally daily (given at bedtime and at least 1 hour after the evening meal).[65868] [49713]

    for the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma in patients who have received 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy, in combination with carfilzomib and lenalidomide

    Oral and Intravenous dosage

    Adults

    40 mg PO or IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 in combination with lenalidomide (25 mg orally daily for 21 days) and carfilzomib as specified in the protocol.[65868] Treatment cycles are repeated every 28 days until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity; maximum of 18 cycles for carfilzomib only. CYCLE 1: carfilzomib 20 mg/m2 IV over 10 minutes on days 1 and 2; if tolerated, increase to a target dose of 27 mg/m2 IV over 10 minutes on days 8, 9, 15, and 16. CYCLES 2 to 12: carfilzomib 27 mg/m2 IV over 10 minutes on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16. CYCLES 13 to 18: carfilzomib 27 mg/m2 IV over 10 minutes on days 1, 2, 15, and 16. Dose carfilzomib at a maximum body surface area (BSA) of 2.2 m2; dose adjustment is not necessary for patients with a weight change of 20% or less. Give dexamethasone 30 minutes to 4 hours prior to the carfilzomib (on carfilzomib dosing days only). Give hydration with both oral fluids and IV fluids prior to each carfilzomib dose in cycle 1. Additional IV hydration may be given after the carfilzomib infusion in cycle 1. Oral and/or IV hydration may be continued as needed in subsequent cycles; adjust hydration to individual patient needs. Thromboprophylaxis is recommended. Consider giving an antiviral agent and an antacid medication.[51306] In a prespecified interim analysis of a multinational, randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial (n = 792; the ASPIRE trial), the median progression-free survival time (primary endpoint) was significantly increased with carfilzomib plus lenalidomide/dexamethasone (26.3 months) compared with lenalidomide/dexamethasone alone (17.6 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.83; p = 0.0001) in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma who had received 1 to 3 prior therapies (age range, 31 to 91 years; median of 2 prior therapies). In this study, some patients had previously received bortezomib (65.8%) and/or lenalidomide (19.8%). The median overall survival (OS) time had not been reached in either study arm at the time of the interim analysis (median follow-up: carfilzomib arm, 32.3 months; lenalidomide/dexamethasone alone, 31.5 months). The estimated 24-month OS rates were 73.3% and 65% in the carfilzomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone and lenalidomide/dexamethasone arms, respectively (HR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.99; p = 0.04); prespecified criteria for stopping the study due to OS benefit was not met and this study is ongoing.[60044]

    for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 2 prior therapies (including bortezomib and an immunomodulatory agent), in combination with panobinostat and bortezomib

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    20 mg orally on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 during cycles 1 to 8, then dexamethasone 20 mg orally on days 1, 2, 8, and 9 during cycles 9 to 16.[65868] Administer in combination with bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2 IV bolus over 3 to 5 seconds on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 in cycles 1 to 8) then bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 in cycles 9 to 16) and panobinostat (20 mg orally on days 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12). Continue every 21-day treatment cycles for up to 8 cycles; consider giving up to an additional 8 cycles (maximum of 16 treatment cycles) in patients who experience clinical benefit without unresolved severe or medically significant toxicity.[58821] Treatment with panobinostat, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (n = 387; median therapy duration of 5 months) was compared with placebo, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (n = 381; median therapy duration of 6.1 months) in patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who had received 1 to 3 prior therapies in a multinational, randomized, phase 3 trial (the PANORAMA1 trial). The median patient age was 63 years (range, 56 to 69 years), about 51% of patients had received 1 prior therapy, and approximately 57% of patients had previously received a stem-cell transplantation. Patients with primary refractory or bortezomib-refractory disease were ineligible for this study. At a median follow-up time of 6.47 months (interquartile range, 1.81 to 13.47 months), the median progression-free survival time (primary endpoint) was significantly improved in the panobinostat arm (11.99 months) compared with the placebo arm (8.08 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.76; p less than 0.0001). The overall survival (OS) time was not significantly improved in the panobinostat arm (33.64 months vs. 30.39 months; HR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.1); however, OS data are not mature. Crossover from the placebo arm to the panobinostat arm was not permitted.[58822]

    for the treatment multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 1 prior therapy, in combination with daratumumab and bortezomib

    Oral or Intravenous dosage

    Adults 75 years or younger

    20 mg orally or IV on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 (or 20 mg orally/IV once weekly in patients with a body-mass index less than 18.5, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, or a prior intolerance to glucocorticoid therapy) repeated every 3 weeks for 8 cycles in combination with daratumumab and bortezomib.[65868] The bortezomib dosage is 1.3 mg/m2 as a subcutaneous injection or IV infusion on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 repeated every 3 weeks for 8 cycles. The daratumumab dosage is 16 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV weekly on weeks 1 to 9 (9 doses), 16 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks on weeks 10 to 24 (5 doses), and then 16 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression. Administer standard pre-and post-infusion medications with daratumumab infusions. Give dexamethasone prior to the daratumumab infusion when these drugs are scheduled on the same day.[61207] [60311]

    Geriatric Adults over 75 years

    20 mg orally or IV once weekly repeated every 3 weeks for 8 cycles in combination with daratumumab and bortezomib.[65868] The bortezomib dosage is 1.3 mg/m2 as a subcutaneous injection or IV infusion on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 repeated every 3 weeks for 8 cycles. The daratumumab dosage is 16 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV weekly on weeks 1 to 9 (9 doses), 16 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks on weeks 10 to 24 (5 doses), and then 16 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression. Administer standard pre-and post-infusion medications with daratumumab infusions. Give dexamethasone prior to the daratumumab infusion when these drugs are scheduled on the same day.[61207] [60311]

    for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 1 prior therapy, in combination with daratumumab and lenalidomide

    Oral or Intravenous dosage

    Adults 75 years or younger

    40 mg orally or IV once weekly (or 20 mg orally or IV once weekly for patients with a body-mass index less than 18.5) in combination with lenalidomide and daratumumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.[65868] The lenalidomide dosage is 25 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) greater than 60 mL/min and 10 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days in patients with a CrCl of 30 to 60 mL/min. The daratumumab dosage is 16 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 16 mg/kg IV every other week on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 16 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression. Administer standard pre-and post-infusion medications with daratumumab infusions. In patients receiving full dose dexamethasone, administer as 20 mg IV prior to the daratumumab infusion and then 20 mg PO the next day when these drugs are scheduled on the same week; patients receiving a 20 mg/week dexamethasone dose should receive the entire dose administered prior to the daratumumab infusion.[61407] [60311]

    Geriatric Adults over 75 years

    20 mg orally or IV once weekly in combination with lenalidomide and daratumumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.[65868] The lenalidomide dosage is 25 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) greater than 60 mL/min and 10 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days in patients with a CrCl of 30 to 60 mL/min. The daratumumab dosage is 16 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 16 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 16 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression. Administer standard pre-and post-infusion medications with daratumumab infusions. Give dexamethasone prior to the daratumumab infusion when these drugs are scheduled on the same week.[61407] [60311]

    for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in patients ineligible for autologous stem-cell transplant, in combination with daratumumab and lenalidomide

    Oral or Intravenous dosage

    Adults 75 years or younger

    40 mg orally or IV once weekly (or 20 mg orally or IV once weekly for patients with a body-mass index less than 18.5) in combination with lenalidomide and daratumumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.[65868] Give dexamethasone IV prior to the first infusion; oral administration may be considered thereafter. Give the treatment dexamethasone dose as the daratumumab premedication steroid when these drugs are scheduled on the same day. Consider giving a low-dose oral corticosteroid (equivalent to methylprednisolone 20 mg or less) on the day after every infusion. The lenalidomide dosage is 25 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) greater than 50 mL/min and 10 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days in patients with a CrCl of 30 to 50 mL/min. The daratumumab dosage is 16 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 16 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 16 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression. Administer standard pre-and post-infusion medications with daratumumab infusions.[60311] In the MAIA trial (median follow-up, 56.2 months), the median progression-free survival (time not reached vs. 34.4 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.66, p less than 0.0001) and overall survival (time not reached in either arm; HR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.86) times were significantly improved in the daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone arm compared with the lenalidomide and dexamethasone arm in patients (median age, 73 years; range, 45 to 90 years) with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who were ineligible for a stem-cell transplant.[67219]

    Geriatric Adults over 75 years

    20 mg orally or IV once weekly in combination with lenalidomide and daratumumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.[65868] Give dexamethasone IV prior to the first infusion; oral administration may be considered thereafter. Give the treatment dexamethasone dose as the daratumumab premedication steroid when these drugs are scheduled on the same day. Consider giving a low-dose oral corticosteroid (equivalent to methylprednisolone 20 mg or less) on the day after every infusion. The lenalidomide dosage is 25 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) greater than 50 mL/min and 10 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days in patients with a CrCl of 30 to 50 mL/min. The daratumumab dosage is 16 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 16 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 16 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression. Administer standard pre-and post-infusion medications with daratumumab infusions. Give dexamethasone prior to the daratumumab infusion when these drugs are scheduled on the same week.[60311] In the MAIA trial (median follow-up, 56.2 months), the median progression-free survival (time not reached vs. 34.4 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.66, p less than 0.0001) and overall survival (time not reached in either arm; HR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.86) times were significantly improved in the daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone arm compared with the lenalidomide and dexamethasone arm in patients (median age, 73 years; range, 45 to 90 years) with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who were ineligible for a stem-cell transplant.[67219]

    for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 1 prior therapy, in combination with daratumumab/hyaluronidase and lenalidomide

    Oral and Intravenous dosage

    Adults 75 years or younger

    40 mg IV/PO (or 20 mg PO/IV in patients with a body-mass index less than 18.5) once weekly plus lenalidomide 25 mg PO daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days in combination with 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase subcutaneously weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase every other week on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression was evaluated in a single-arm cohort (n = 65) of a multicohort, open-label trial (the PLEIADES trial). The overall response rate was 91% in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received daratumumab/hyaluronidase, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone.[65868] [65366]

    Geriatric Adults over 75 years

    20 mg PO/IV once weekly plus lenalidomide 25 mg PO daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days in combination with 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase subcutaneously weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase every other week on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression was evaluated in a single-arm cohort (n = 65) of a multicohort, open-label trial (the PLEIADES trial). The overall response rate was 91% in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received daratumumab/hyaluronidase, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone.[65868] [65366]

    for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 2 prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor, in combination with pomalidomide and daratumumab

    Oral or Intravenous dosage

    Adults 75 years or younger

    40 mg orally or IV once weekly (or 20 mg IV/PO once weekly for patients with a body-mass index less than 18.5) in combination with pomalidomide (4 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days) and daratumumab (16 mg/kg of actual body weight IV weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 16 mg/kg IV every other week on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 16 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks starting on week 25) until disease progression was evaluated in a nonrandomized, phase 1b trial (n = 103; EQUULEUS trial). Administer standard pre-and post-infusion medications with daratumumab infusions. In patients receiving full dose dexamethasone, administer as 20 mg IV prior to the daratumumab infusion and then 20 mg orally the next day when these drugs are scheduled on the same week; patients receiving a 20 mg/week dexamethasone dose should receive the entire dose administered prior to the daratumumab infusion.[65868] [60311]

    Geriatric Adults over 75 years

    20 mg orally or IV once weekly in combination with pomalidomide (4 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days) and daratumumab (16 mg/kg of actual body weight IV weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 16 mg/kg IV every other week on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 16 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks starting on week 25) until disease progression was evaluated in a nonrandomized, phase 1b trial (n = 103; EQUULEUS trial). Administer standard pre-and post-infusion medications with daratumumab infusions. Give dexamethasone prior to the daratumumab infusion when these drugs are scheduled on the same week. [65868] [60311]

    for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received 1 to 3 prior therapies, in combination with elotuzumab and lenalidomide

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    28 mg orally (taken 3 to 24 hours prior to elotuzumab) on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 on cycles 1 and 2 and on days 1 and 15 of subsequent cycles in combination with lenalidomide 25 mg orally daily on days 1 through 21 and elotuzumab 10 mg/kg IV once weekly on cycles 1 and 2 (on days 1, 8, 15, and 22), then 10 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks (on days 1 and 15) thereafter. Give dexamethasone 40 mg orally on days 8 and 22 of cycles 3 and beyond. Repeat treatment cycles every 28 days until disease progression.[65868] Administer the following premedications 45 to 90 minutes prior to each elotuzumab infusion: acetaminophen 650 to 1,000 mg PO, diphenhydramine 25 to 50 mg PO or IV (or equivalent), ranitidine 50 mg IV or 150 mg PO (or equivalent), and dexamethasone 8 mg IV.[60354] At a median follow-up time of 24.5 months, the median progression-free survival time was significantly improved with elotuzumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone (median duration of therapy, 17 months) compared with lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone (19.4 months vs. 14.9 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.85; p less than 0.001) in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma in a planned interim analysis of a multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial (n = 646; the ELOQUENT-2 trial). In this study, patients had received a median of 2 prior therapies (range, 1 to 4 therapies); 35% of patients had refractory disease to the last therapy and 54% of patients had previously received an autologous stem cell transplantation.[60353] The overall survival time was improved in the elotuzumab-containing arm (48.3 months vs. 39.6 months; HR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1) at the final analysis (minimum follow-up time of 70.6 months). In subgroup analyses, the median OS times were significantly improved in elotuzumab-treated patients who had received 2 or 3 prior therapies (51 months vs. 33.6 months; HR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.92), were refractory to their most recent therapy (40.4 months vs. 25.9 months; HR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.91), or were less than 65 years of age (63.5 months vs. 47.7 months; HR = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.96).[65918]

    for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 2 prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor, in combination with elotuzumab and pomalidomide

    Oral dosage

    Adults 75 years or younger

    28 mg orally (at 3 to 24 hours prior to elotuzumab) on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 on cycles 1 and 2 and on day 1 of subsequent cycles in combination with elotuzumab 10 mg/kg IV once weekly on cycles 1 and 2 (on days 1, 8, 15, and 22) followed by 20 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks (on day 1) starting on cycle 3 and pomalidomide 4 mg orally daily on days 1 through 21. Additionally, give dexamethasone 40 mg (at 3 to 24 hours prior to elotuzumab) on days 8, 15, and 22 of cycles 3 and beyond. Repeat treatment cycles every 28 days until disease progression.[65868] Administer the following premedications 45 to 90 minutes prior to each elotuzumab infusion: acetaminophen 650 to 1,000 mg orally, diphenhydramine 25 to 50 mg orally or IV (or equivalent), ranitidine 50 mg IV or 150 mg orally (or equivalent), and dexamethasone 8 mg IV. At a minimum follow-up time of 9.1 months, the median investigator-assessed progression-free survival time was significantly improved with elotuzumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone (median number of treatment cycles, 9) compared with pomalidomide and dexamethasone alone (10.25 months vs. 4.67 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.86; p = 0.0078) in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in a randomized, phase 2 trial (n = 117; the ELOQUENT-3 trial). In this study, patients had received a median of 3 prior therapies; 70% of patients had refractory disease after both lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and 55% of patients had previously received an autologous stem cell transplantation.[60354]

    Geriatric Adults over 75 years

    8 mg orally (at 3 to 24 hours prior to elotuzumab) on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 on cycles 1 and 2 and on day 1 of subsequent cycles in combination with elotuzumab 10 mg/kg IV once weekly on cycles 1 and 2 (on days 1, 8, 15, and 22) followed by 20 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks (on day 1) starting on cycle 3 and pomalidomide 4 mg orally daily on days 1 through 21. Additionally, give dexamethasone 20 mg orally (at 3 to 24 hours prior to elotuzumab) on days 8, 15, and 22 of cycles 3 and beyond. Repeat treatment cycles every 28 days until disease progression.[65868] Administer the following premedications 45 to 90 minutes prior to each elotuzumab infusion: acetaminophen 650 to 1,000 mg orally, diphenhydramine 25 to 50 mg orally or IV (or equivalent), ranitidine 50 mg IV or 150 mg orally (or equivalent), and dexamethasone 8 mg IV. At a minimum follow-up time of 9.1 months, the median investigator-assessed progression-free survival time was significantly improved with elotuzumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone (median number of treatment cycles, 9) compared with pomalidomide and dexamethasone alone (10.25 months vs. 4.67 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.86; p = 0.0078) in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in a randomized, phase 2 trial (n = 117; the ELOQUENT-3 trial). In this study, patients had received a median of 3 prior therapies; 70% of patients had refractory disease after both lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and 55% of patients had previously received an autologous stem cell transplantation.[60354]

    for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, in combination with bortezomib and lenalidomide†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    20 mg orally on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 repeated every 21 days for 8 cycles (SWOG S0777 trial); 20 mg orally on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 repeated every 21 days for 3 cycles prior to stem-cell transplantation (SCT) followed by 10 mg orally on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 repeated every 21 days for 2 cycles after SCT (IFM 2009 trial); and 20 mg orally on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 repeated every 21 days for 4 cycles, 10 mg orally on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 on cycles 5 to 9, and then 10 mg orally on days 1, 2, 8, and 9 on cycles 9 to 12 (ENDURANCE trial) in combination with bortezomib and lenalidomide (VRd regimen) have been evaluated in 3 randomized, phase 3 trials. Maintenance therapy consisted of lenalidomide and dexamethasone or lenalidomide only.[61788] [65843] [65899]

    for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma as induction therapy prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation, in combination with bortezomib†

    Oral dosage

    Adults 65 years and younger

    40 mg orally daily on days 1 to 4 during all cycles and on days 9 to 12 for cycles 1 and 2 only plus bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, and 11) repeated every 3 weeks for 4 cycles as induction therapy prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation has been evaluated in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients in randomized, phase 3 studies.[49477] [49745]

    for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma as induction therapy prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation, in combination with bortezomib and thalidomide†

    Oral dosage

    Adults 65 years and younger

    40 mg orally on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 plus bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, and 11) and thalidomide (100 mg orally daily for the first 14 days during cycle 1 only, and then 200 mg orally daily thereafter). Regimen is known as the VTD regimen. Repeated every 21 days for 3 cycles prior to a double (tandem) autologous stem-cell transplant (ASCT). This regimen was studied in a multicenter, randomized, phase 3 study. Patients randomized to induction therapy with VTD also received two 35-day consolidation cycles with VTD (bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 plus thalidomide 100 mg orally daily and dexamethasone 40 mg orally on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, and 23) following the second transplantation. Patients also received maintenance therapy with dexamethasone 40 mg orally on days 1 to 4 every 28 days until relapse or disease progression.[49746] Additionally in a randomized, phase 3 study, dexamethasone 40 mg orally daily on days 1 to 4 and 9 to 12 plus bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11) and thalidomide (200 mg orally daily after dose escalation as follows in the first cycle: thalidomide 50 mg/day on days 1 to 14 and 100 mg/day on days 15 to 28) repeated every 4 weeks for 6 cycles prior to an ASCT was studied. In this study, patients who received up to 3 years of maintenance therapy (starting 3 months after ASCT) with bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 repeated every 3 months) plus thalidomide (100 mg/day) had significantly improved 2-year progression-free survival compared with thalidomide or interferon alfa-2b maintenance therapy.[49747]

    for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma as induction therapy prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation, in combination with doxorubicin and vincristine†

    Oral dosage

    Adults 65 years and younger

    40 mg orally daily on days 1 to 4, days 9 to 12, and days 17 to 20 or dexamethasone 40 mg orally daily on days 1 to 4 on all cycles and days 9 to 12 and days 17 to 20 of cycles 1 and 2 only, plus doxorubicin 9 mg/m2 IV daily and vincristine 0.4 mg IV daily on days 1 to 4 (VAD regimen) has been studied. Doxorubicin and vincristine were administered as a continuous IV infusion over 24 hours/day [49477] or as a daily IV infusion. Cycles were repeated every 4 weeks for 3 to 4 cycles as induction therapy prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation.[49477] [49478]

    for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in patients who have received 1 to 3 prior therapies including lenalidomide, in combination with pomalidomide and bortezomib †

    Oral dosage

    Adults 75 years or younger

    20 mg orally on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 repeated every 21 days on cycles 1 to 8 and then 20 mg orally on days 1, 2, 8, and 9 starting on cycle 9 in combination with pomalidomide (4 mg orally daily on days 1 to 14) and bortezomib was evaluated in a randomized, phase 3 trial (n = 559; the OPTIMISMM trial). Bortezomib was administered as follows: 1.3 mg/m2 IV or subcutaneously on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 on cycles 1 to 8 then 1.3 mg/m2 IV or subcutaneously on days 1 and 8 starting on cycle 9. Treatment cycles were repeated every 21 days until disease progression.[64412]

    Geriatric Adults older than 75 years

    10 mg orally on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 repeated every 21 days on cycles 1 to 8 and then 10 mg orally on days 1, 2, 8, and 9 starting on cycle 9 in combination with pomalidomide (4 mg orally daily on days 1 to 14) and bortezomib. Bortezomib was administered as follows: 1.3 mg/m2 IV or subcutaneously on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 on cycles 1 to 8 then 1.3 mg/m2 IV or subcutaneously on days 1 and 8 starting on cycle 9. Treatment cycles were repeated every 21 days until disease progression.[64412]

    for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma as induction and consolidation therapy in patients who are eligible for autologous stem-cell transplant, in combination with daratumumab, bortezomib, and thalidomide

    Oral and Intravenous dosage

    Adults 65 years and younger

    40 mg orally or IV on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, and 23 in induction cycles 1 and 2; 40 mg orally or IV on days 1 and 2 and 20 mg PO or IV on days 8, 9, 15, and 16 in induction cycles 3 and 4; and 20 mg orally or IV on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 for 2 consolidation cycles in combination with daratumumab, bortezomib, and thalidomide was evaluated in a multicenter, randomized, phase 3 trial (n = 1,085; the CASSIOPEIA trial).[65868] In this trial, dexamethasone was administered for up to four 28-day induction therapy cycles and two 28-day consolidation therapy cycles with daratumumab (16 mg/kg IV weekly in induction cycles 1 and 2 then 16 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks in induction cycles 3 and 4 and for both consolidation cycles; bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 subcutaneously on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 in each induction and consolidation cycle; and thalidomide 100 mg orally daily. Consolidation therapy was begun after hematopoietic reconstitution but not earlier than 30 days after transplant.[64528]

    for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 2 prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor, in combination with isatuximab and pomalidomide

    Oral and Intravenous dosage

    Adults 74 years and younger

    40 mg IV or orally on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 repeated every 28 days until disease progression. Give in combination with isatuximab 10 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 on cycle 1 and isatuximab 10 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV on days 1 and 15 starting on cycle 2 and pomalidomide 4 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21. The scheduled dexamethasone dose should be given prior to isatuximab and pomalidomide on days these drugs are given together.[65868] [65066] At a median follow-up time of 11.6 months, the median progression-free survival time (evaluated by an independent response committee) was significantly improved in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received isatuximab, pomalidomide, and low-dose dexamethasone compared with pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone alone (11.5 months vs. 6.5 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.596; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.81; p = 0.001) in a multinational, randomized, phase 3 trial (the ICARIA-MM trial; n = 307). Patients (median age, 67 years) in this study had received a median of 3 prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor; 56% of patients had previously received an autologous stem-cell transplantation.[65070] At a second interim analysis (median follow-up, 35.3 months), the median overall survival time was 24.6 months in patients who received isatuximab, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone compared with 17.7 months in patients who received pomalidomide and dexamethasone (HR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.01). Subsequent therapy was given at disease progression in 60% and 72% of patients in the isatuximab-containing and control arms, respectively. Of patients who received subsequent therapy, fewer patients received daratumumab in the isatuximab-containing arm (24% vs. 58%).[67409]

    Geriatric Adults 75 years and older

    20 mg IV or orally on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 repeated every 28 days until disease progression. Give in combination with isatuximab 10 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 on cycle 1 and isatuximab 10 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV on days 1 and 15 starting on cycle 2 and pomalidomide 4 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21. The scheduled dexamethasone dose should be given prior to isatuximab and pomalidomide on days these drugs are given together.[65868] [65066] At a median follow-up time of 11.6 months, the median progression-free survival was significantly improved in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received isatuximab, pomalidomide, and low-dose dexamethasone compared with pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone alone (11.5 months vs. 6.5 months; hazard ratio = 0.596; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.81; p = 0.001) in a multinational, randomized, phase 3 trial (the ICARIA-MM trial; n = 307). Patients (median age, 67 years) in this study had received a median of 3 prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor; 56% of patients had previously received an autologous stem-cell transplantation.[65070]

    for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in patients who have received 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy, in combination with and carfilzomib and daratumumab

    Oral and Intravenous dosage

    Adults 75 years or younger

    20 mg PO/IV on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 and 40 mg PO/IV on day 22 repeated every 28 days in combination with IV carfilzomib (20 mg/m2 and 56 mg/m2 twice weekly regimen) and IV daratumumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Alternatively, dexamethasone may be given as follows: 20 mg PO/IV on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, and 23 in cycles 1 and 2; 20 mg PO/IV on days 1, 2, 15, and 16 and 40 mg PO/IV on days 8 and 22 in cycles 3, 4, 5, and 6; and 20 mg PO/IV on days 1 and 2 and 40 mg PO/IV on days 8, 15, and 22 in cycles 7 and beyond in combination with IV carfilzomib (20 mg/m2 and 70 mg/m2 once weekly regimen) and IV daratumumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Treatment cycles are repeated every 28 days. Give dexamethasone 30 minutes to 4 hours prior to the carfilzomib dose and 1 to 3 hours prior to daratumumab.[65868] [51306] At a median follow-up time of about 17 months, the median progression-free survival was significantly improved in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received carfilzomib 20 mg/m2 and 56 mg/m2 twice weekly regimen, daratumumab, and dexamethasone compared with carfilzomib and dexamethasone alone (median time not reached vs. 15.8 months; hazard ratio = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.85; p = 0.0027) in a multicenter, randomized (2:1), open-label, phase 3 trial (n = 466; the CANDOR trial).[65854] At a median follow-up time of 16.6 months (range, 0.5 to 27.4 months), the overall response rate was 84% (complete response rate, 33%) in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received carfilzomib 20 mg/m2 and 70 mg/m2 once weekly regimen, daratuzumab, and dexamethasone in a multicenter, multi-arm, phase 1b trial (n = 85; EQUULEUS trial).[65855]

    Geriatric Adults older than 75 years

    20 mg PO/IV on days 1 and 2 of cycle 1 only and then 20 mg PO/IV weekly in combination with IV carfilzomib and IV daratumumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Treatment cycles are repeated every 28 days. Give dexamethasone 30 minutes to 4 hours prior to the carfilzomib dose and 1 to 3 hours prior to daratumumab.[65868] [51306] At a median follow-up time of about 17 months, the median progression-free survival was significantly improved in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received carfilzomib 20 mg/m2 and 56 mg/m2 twice weekly regimen, daratumumab, and dexamethasone compared with carfilzomib and dexamethasone alone (median time not reached vs. 15.8 months; hazard ratio = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.85; p = 0.0027) in a multicenter, randomized (2:1), open-label, phase 3 trial (n = 466; the CANDOR trial).[65854] At a median follow-up time of 16.6 months (range, 0.5 to 27.4 months), the overall response rate was 84% (complete response rate, 33%) in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received carfilzomib 20 mg/m2 and 70 mg/m2 once weekly regimen, daratuzumab, and dexamethasone in a multicenter, multi-arm, phase 1b trial (n = 85; EQUULEUS trial).[65855]

    for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in patients who are eligible for autologous stem-cell transplant, in combination with daratumumab, bortezomib, and lenalidomide†

    Oral dosage

    Adults 70 years or younger

    20 mg on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 repeated every 21 days on cycles 1, 2, 3, and 4 followed by high-dose chemotherapy and an autologous stem-cell transplant and then 2 additional cycles of dexamethasone 20 mg on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 repeated every 21 days (cycles 5 and 6) plus lenalidomide 25 mg orally daily on days 1 to 14 and bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 subcutaneously on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 repeated every 21 days for 6 cycles (VRd regimen) with daratumumab was evaluated in a randomized, phase 2 trial (the GRIFFIN trial; n = 207). Daratumumab treatment consisted of 16 mg/kg IV on days 1, 8, and 15 repeated every 21 days on cycles 1, 2, 3, and 4 and 16 mg/kg IV day 1 repeated every 21 days on cycles 5 and 6. Maintenance therapy was given for up to 2 years and consisted of daratumumab 16 mg/kg IV on day 1 repeated every 4 or 8 weeks and lenalidomide 10 mg orally daily on days 1 to 21 (increased to 15 mg after 3 cycles if tolerated) repeated every 28 days.[66069]

    for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 1 prior therapy, in combination with selinexor and bortezomib†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    20 mg PO on days 1 and 2 in combination with selinexor 100 mg orally on day 1 once weekly and bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 subcutaneously on day 1 once weekly for 4 weeks followed by 1 week off; repeat cycles until disease progression.[64399] Treatment with a once-weekly regimen of selinexor plus bortezomib, and dexamethasone (SVd regimen) led to a significantly improved median progression-free survival time compared with bortezomib and dexamethasone (13.93 months vs. 9.46 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.93) in a randomized, phase 3 trial (n = 402; the Boston trial). At a median follow-up of 17.3 months, the median overall survival (OS) time was not significantly improved in the SVd arm (HR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.23); however, OS data was not mature at the time of this analysis. Patients (median age, 67 years) in this trial had received a median of 2 prior regimens (range, 1 to 2 regimens) and approximately 70% of patients had received prior bortezomib therapy; 35% of patients had previously received a stem-cell transplant.[66186]

    for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 4 prior therapies and who are refractory to at least 1 proteasome inhibitor, 1 immunomodulatory agent, and 1 anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, in combination with melphalan flufenamide

    Oral and Intravenous dosage

    Adults younger than 75 years

    40 mg orally or IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 in combination with melphalan flufenamide 40 mg IV on day 1 repeated every 28 days until disease progression. Treatment with melphalan flufenamide plus dexamethasone resulted in an overall response rate of 23.7% in 97 patients with multiple myeloma who had received 4 or more previous lines of therapy and were refractory to at least 1 proteasome inhibitor, 1 immunomodulatory agent, and a CD38-directed monoclonal antibody in a nonrandomized phase 2 trial (the HORIZON trial). No patient achieved a complete response. In this trial, the median duration of response was 4.2 months. Patients (median age, 65 years; range, 35 to 86 years) had received a median of 6 prior regimens (range, 4 to 12 regimens); 75% of patients had alkylator refractory disease and 70% of patients had previously received a stem-cell transplant.[66471]

    Geriatrics 75 years or older

    20 mg orally or IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 in combination with melphalan flufenamide 40 mg IV on day 1 repeated every 28 days until disease progression. Treatment with melphalan flufenamide plus dexamethasone resulted in an overall response rate of 23.7% in 97 patients with multiple myeloma who had received 4 or more previous lines of therapy and were refractory to at least 1 proteasome inhibitor, 1 immunomodulatory agent, and a CD38-directed monoclonal antibody in a nonrandomized phase 2 trial (the HORIZON trial). No patient achieved a complete response. In this trial, the median duration of response was 4.2 months. Patients (median age, 65 years; range, 35 to 86 years) had received a median of 6 prior regimens (range, 4 to 12 regimens); 75% of patients had alkylator refractory disease and 70% of patients had previously received a stem-cell transplant.[66471]

    for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in patients who have received 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy, in combination with isatuximab and carfilzomib

    Oral or Intravenous dosage

    Adults

    20 mg on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, and 23 in combination with isatuximab (cycle 1: 10 mg/kg IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; cycle 2 and beyond: 10 mg/kg IV on days 1 and 15) and carfilzomib (cycle 1: 20 mg/m2 IV on days 1 and 2 and then 56 mg/m2 on days 8, 9, 15, and 16; cycle 2 and beyond: 56 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16). Repeat treatment cycles every 28 days until disease progression. Give IV dexamethasone prior to isatuximab and/or carfilzomib on days these agents are given on the same day and then give dexamethasone orally for other scheduled doses.[65066] [51306] At a median follow-up time of 44 months, the median progression-free survival time (evaluated by an independent review committee) was significantly improved in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received isatuximab, carfilzomib, and dexamethasone compared with carfilzomib and dexamethasone alone (35.7 months vs. 19.2 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.79) in a prespecified interim analysis of a multinational, randomized, phase 3 trial (the IKEMA trial; n = 302). Median overall survival (OS) was not significantly improved in isatuximab-treated patients (HR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.54 to 1.12); however, OS data were not mature at this analysis. Patients (median age, 65 years) in the isatuximab-treated arm had received a median of 2 (range, 1 to 4) prior therapies and 49.7% of patients were refractory to the last regimen.[69167]

    for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 1 prior therapy, in combination with ixazomib and lenalidomide

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    40 mg orally on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 in combination with ixazomib 4 mg orally on days 1, 8, and 15 and lenalidomide 25 mg orally daily on days 1 through 21. Repeat treatment cycles every 28 days until disease progression.[60335] The median progression-free survival time was significantly improved with ixazomib plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone compared with placebo plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone (20.6 months vs. 14.7 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.94; p = 0.01) in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma who had received 1 to 3 prior therapies in a multinational, randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial (n = 722; TOURMALINE-MM1 trial). At a median follow-up time of 85 months, the median overall survival time was not significantly improved in the ixazomib-containing arm (53.6 months vs. 51.6 months; HR = 0.939; 95%CI, 0.784 to 1.125). In this trial, subsequent lines of therapy were given in 71.7% and 69.9% of patients who received ixazomib plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone (median, 2 subsequent therapies; range, 1 to 9) and lenalidomide and dexamethasone (median, 3 subsequent therapies; range, 1 to 12), respectively. The median age of patients in this study was 66 years (range, 30 to 91 years); prior therapy included a stem-cell transplant in 57% of patients, proteasome inhibitor therapy in 70% of patients, and immunomodulatory drug therapy in 55% of patients. Thromboprophylaxis was recommended for all patients.[60856] [66762]

    for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least 1 prior therapy including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor, in combination with daratumumab/ hyaluronidase and pomalidomide

    Oral dosage

    Adults and Geriatric patients younger than 75 years

    40 mg orally once weekly (on days 1, 8, 15, and 22) repeated every 28 days until disease progression; give in combination with daratumumab/hyaluronidase (1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase subcutaneously weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), every other week on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression) and pomalidomide (4 mg PO daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days).[65366] At a median follow-up time of 16.9 months, the median progression-free survival time was significantly improved in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received daratumumab/hyaluronidase plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone compared with pomalidomide and dexamethasone alone (12.4 months vs. 6.9 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.85) in a randomized, phase 3 (APOLLO) trial (n = 304). At a median follow-up of 39.6 months, the median overall survival time was not significantly improved in the daratumumab/hyaluronidase-containing arm (34.4 months vs. 23.7 months; HR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.11). In this trial, eligible patients had received at least 1 previous line of therapy with both lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor, had a partial response or better to one or more previous lines of anti-myeloma therapy, and were refractory to lenalidomide if they had received only 1 previous line of treatment. Patients (median age, 67 years; range, 42 to 86 years) in the daratumumab/hyaluronidase arm had received a median of 2 (range, 1 to 5) prior therapies; 60% of patients had received a prior autologous stem-cell transplantation.[66809] [70310]

    Geriatric patients 75 years and older

    20 mg orally once weekly (on days 1, 8, 15, and 22) repeated every 28 days until disease progression; give in combination with daratumumab/hyaluronidase (1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase subcutaneously weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), every other week on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression) and pomalidomide (4 mg PO daily on days 1 to 21 repeated every 28 days).[65366] At a median follow-up time of 16.9 months, the median progression-free survival time was significantly improved in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received daratumumab/hyaluronidase plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone compared with pomalidomide and dexamethasone alone (12.4 months vs. 6.9 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.85) in a randomized, phase 3 (APOLLO) trial (n = 304). At a median follow-up of 39.6 months, the median overall survival time was not significantly improved in the daratumumab/hyaluronidase-containing arm (34.4 months vs. 23.7 months; HR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.11). In this trial, eligible patients had received at least 1 previous line of therapy with both lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor, had a partial response or better to one or more previous lines of antimyeloma therapy, and were refractory to lenalidomide if they had received only 1 previous line of treatment. Patients (median age, 67 years; range, 42 to 86 years) in the daratumumab/hyaluronidase arm had received a median of 2 (range, 1 to 5) prior therapies; 60% of patients had received a prior autologous stem-cell transplantation.[66809] [70310]

    for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in patients who have received 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy, in combination with daratumumab/hyaluronidase and carfilzomib

    Oral and Intravenous dosage

    Adults 75 years or younger

    40 mg PO or IV per week in combination with carfilzomib and daratumumab/hyaluronidase; treatment cycles are repeated every 28 days until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Dexamethasone dosing day(s)/schedule differ with twice weekly or once weekly carfilzomib regimens. Give dexamethasone 30 minutes to 4 hours prior to the carfilzomib. Give the treatment dexamethasone dose as the premedication steroid when these drugs are scheduled on the same day as daratumumab; hyaluronidase. With carfilzomib 20 mg/m2 and 56 mg/m2 twice weekly regimen, give dexamethasone 20 mg PO/IV on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22 and 23 on cycles 1 and 2 and then 20 mg PO/IV on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 and 40 mg PO/IV on day 22 on subsequent cycles. With carfilzomib 20 mg/m2 and 70 mg/m2 once weekly regimen, give dexamethasone 20 mg PO/IV on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, and 23 on cycles 1 and 2; 20 mg PO/IV on days 1, 2, 15, and 16 and 40 mg PO/IV on days 8 and 22 on cycles 3, 4, 5, and 6; and 20 mg PO/IV on days 1 and 2 and 40 mg PO/IV on days 8, 15, and 22 on cycles 7 and beyond. In patients with a BMI of less than 18.5 who received the carfilzomib once weekly regimen, give a reduced dexamethasone dosage of 20 mg PO/IV on days 1 and 2 of cycle 1 then 20 mg PO/IV weekly. Daratumumab; hyaluronidase is administered as follows: 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase subcutaneously weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase every 2 weeks on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression. The overall response rate was 84.8% in 66 patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received carfilzomib (20 mg/m2 and 70 mg/m2 once weekly regimen), daratumumab/hyaluronidase, and dexamethasone in a multicohort, phase 2 trial (the PLEIADES trial). The stringent complete response rate was 16.7% and the complete response rate was 21.2%. At a median follow-up time of 9.2 months, the median duration of response was not reached. Patients (median age, 61 years; range, 42 to 84 years) in this trial had received at least 1 previous therapy line that contained lenalidomide; 79% of patients had a prior stem-cell transplant.[51306] [65366]

    Adults older than 75 years

    20 mg PO/IV on days 1 and 2 of week 1 and then 20 mg PO/IV once weekly in combination with carfilzomib and daratumumab/hyaluronidase; treatment cycles are repeated every 28 days until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Give dexamethasone 30 minutes to 4 hours prior to the carfilzomib. Carfilzomib is administered as either a 20 mg/m2 and 56 mg/m2 twice weekly or a 20 mg/m2 and 70 mg/m2 once weekly regimen. Give the treatment dexamethasone dose as the premedication steroid when these scheduled on the same day as daratumumab; hyaluronidase. Daratumumab; hyaluronidase is administered as follows: 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase subcutaneously weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase every 2 weeks on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression. The overall response rate was 84.8% in 66 patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received carfilzomib (20 mg/m2 and 70 mg/m2 once weekly regimen), daratumumab/hyaluronidase, and dexamethasone in a multicohort, phase 2 trial (the PLEIADES trial). The stringent complete response rate was 16.7% and the complete response rate was 21.2%. At a median follow-up time of 9.2 months, the median duration of response was not reached. Patients (median age, 61 years; range, 42 to 84 years) in this trial had received at least 1 previous therapy line that contained lenalidomide; 79% of patients had a prior stem-cell transplant.[51306] [65366]

    for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in patients who are not eligible for autologous stem cell transplant, in combination with isatuximab, bortezomib, and lenalidomide†

    Oral and Intravenous dosage

    Adults

    20 mg (IV on days of isatuximab infusions and PO on the other days) on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, and 33 of cycles 1 to 4 (42-day cycles) and on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 starting on cycle 5 (28-day cycles). Give in combination with isatuximab 10 mg/kg (actual body weight) IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 of cycle 1 (42-day cycle), on days 1, 15, and 29 of cycles 2, 3, and 4 (42-day cycles), on days 1 and 15 of cycles 5 to 17 (28-day cycles), and on day 1 of cycles 18 and beyond (28-day cycles); bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 subcutaneously on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, and 32 of cycles 1 to 4 (42-day cycles); lenalidomide 25 mg PO daily on days 1 to 14 and on days 22 to 35 of cycles 1 to 4 (42-day cycles) and on days 1 to 21 starting on cycle 5 (28-day cycles). Administer dexamethasone (as part of isatuximab premedication and as part of the scheduled regimen dose) before isatuximab, bortezomib, and lenalidomide.[65066] [65868] At a median follow-up of 60 months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) time was significantly improved in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma not eligible for autologous stem cell transplant who received isatuximab, bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone compared with bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone alone (not reached vs. 54.3 months) in a randomized, phase 3 study (IMROZ); the improvement in PFS represented a 40% reduction in the risk of disease progression or death. Crossover from the control arm to the experimental arm was allowed after cycle 4 at the investigator's discretion.[65066] [71276]

    For the treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    30 mg/day PO for 7 days, followed by doses of 4 to 12 mg PO every other day for 1 month have been shown to be effective. Controlled clinical trials have shown corticosteroids to be effective in speeding the resolution of acute exacerbations, they do not show that they affect the ultimate outcome or natural history of the disease.[30011]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    Intravenous† or Intramuscular dosage†

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54285] [54286] Adjust according to patient response.

    For the treatment of a critical period of regional gastroenteritis (Crohn disease) or ulcerative colitis

    Oral dosage (dexamethasone)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.75 to 9 mg/day PO, given in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response.[30011] Because of the potential complications of steroid use, steroids should be used selectively and in the lowest dose possible for the shortest duration as possible.[64393] [64397]

    Children and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54286] Adjust according to patient response. Because of the potential complications of steroid use, steroids should be used selectively and in the lowest dose possible for the shortest duration as possible.[64393] [64397]

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection solution)

    Adults

    Initially, 0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM, in 2 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to patient response.[60760] Because of the potential complications of steroid use, steroids should be used selectively and in the lowest dose possible for the shortest duration as possible.[64393] [64397]

    Children and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM given in 3 to 4 divided doses is the FDA-approved general dosage range.[54285] [54286] Adjust according to patient response. Because of the potential complications of steroid use, steroids should be used selectively and in the lowest dose possible for the shortest duration as possible.[64393] [64397]

    For the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive ocular inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea, and anterior segment inflammation of the globe, such as allergic conjunctivitis, including ocular pruritus associated with allergic conjunctivitis, dry eye disease†, eyelid acne rosacea, superficial punctate keratitis, herpes zoster ocular infection associated keratitis, iritis, cyclitis, uveitis, and selected infective bacterial conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis, when the inherent hazard of steroid use is accepted to obtain an advisable diminution in edema and inflammation and for corneal abrasion, corneal ulcer, or corneal injury from chemical or thermal ocular burns or penetration of foreign bodies

    for the treatment of steroid-responsive inflammatory ocular conditions of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea, and anterior segment of the globe

    Ophthalmic dosage (0.1% ophthalmic solution)

    Adults

    1 to 2 drops into affected eye(s) every hour during the day and every 2 hours during the night, initially. Reduce dose to 1 drop into affected eye(s) every 4 hours when a favorable response occurs, and then to 1 drop into affected eye(s) 3 to 4 times daily.[54348]

    Ophthalmic dosage (0.1% ophthalmic suspension)

    Adults

    1 to 2 drops into affected eye(s) every hour for severe disease and every 4 to 6 hours for mild disease. Taper dose to discontinuation as inflammation subsides.[61633]

    Children and Adolescents

    1 to 2 drops into affected eye(s) every hour for severe disease and every 4 to 6 hours for mild disease. Taper dose to discontinuation as inflammation subsides.[61633]

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    0.75 to 9 mg/day PO in 2 to 4 divided doses, initially. Adjust according to individual response.[54286]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day PO in 3 to 4 divided doses, initially. Adjust according to individual response.[54286]

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    0.5 to 9 mg/day IV or IM in 2 to 4 divided doses, initially. Adjust according to individual response.[54285] [54286]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 0.6 to 9 mg/m2/day IV or IM in 3 to 4 divided doses. Adjust according to individual response.[54285] [54286]

    for the treatment of ocular pruritus associated with allergic conjunctivitis

    Intraocular dosage (ophthalmic insert)

    Adults

    0.4 mg in the lower lacrimal punctum into the canaliculus as a single dose. A single insert releases a 0.4 mg dose od dexamethasone for up to 30 days after insertion.[63796]

    for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment of the eye

    Intravitreal dosage (ophthalmic implant)

    Adults

    0.7 mg implant by intravitreal injection.[41921]

    for the treatment of dry eye disease†

    Ophthalmic dosage (0.1% ophthalmic solution or suspension)

    Adults

    1 to 2 drops into both eyes 4 times daily, initially. Reduce dose to 1 to 2 drops into both eyes twice daily after 1 to 2 weeks if positive response in signs and/or symptoms and start cyclosporine, then taper or discontinue steroid therapy after 2 to 4 weeks. Consider extending duration to 4 weeks if no response at 2 weeks, especially in individuals with moderate to severe disease.[68206] [71210]

    For the treatment of diabetic macular edema

    Intravitreal dosage (ophthalmic implant)

    Adults

    0.7 mg implant by intravitreal injection in the affected eye(s).[41921] Guidelines recommend intravitreous steroids as a second-line alternative treatment for central-involved diabetic macular edema (CIDME). Steroid therapies are associated with inferior visual acuity outcomes and increased rate of cataracts and glaucoma when compared against intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents.[61821] [64926]

    For the treatment of macular edema following retinal vein occlusion, including branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) or central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)

    Intravitreal dosage (ophthalmic implant)

    Adults

    0.7 mg implant by intravitreal injection in the affected eye(s).[41921] Retreatment will generally be performed after 3 to 4 months with a mean of approximately 2 to 3 injections/year. Guidelines suggest switching to a steroid in nonresponders who have already been treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (after 3 to 6 injections, depending on the specific response of each patient) is reasonable. Steroids may be considered as a first-line therapy for patients who have a recent history of a major cardiovascular event or those who are unwilling to come for monthly injections (and/or monitoring) in the first 6 months of therapy; however, intraocular pressure still needs to be monitored every 2 to 8 weeks after dexamethasone implant injection.[67516]

    For the treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation

    Intraocular suspension dosage (Dexycu intraocular suspension only)

    Adults

    0.005 mL of dexamethasone 9% (equivalent to 517 mcg) as a single dose as directed, intraocularly in the posterior chamber at the end of surgery.[48640]

    for the treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation and ocular pain following ophthalmic surgery

    Intracanalicular insert dosage (Dextenza ophthalmic insert only)

    Adults

    Place the insert containing 0.4 mg of dexamethasone into the lower lacrimal canaliculus, just below the punctal opening. A single insert releases a 0.4 mg dose for up to 30 days following insertion.[63796]

    For the treatment of acute altitude sickness†, including high altitude cerebral edema†

    for the treatment of acute altitude sickness without high altitude cerebral edema†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    4 mg PO every 6 hours until symptoms resolve.[56782] [67542]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 4 mg/dose) PO every 6 hours until symptoms resolve.[56398] [56782] [67542]

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage

    Adults

    4 mg IV or IM every 6 hours until symptoms resolve.[56782] [67542]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 4 mg/dose) IV or IM every 6 hours until symptoms resolve.[56398] [56782] [67542]

    for the treatment of acute altitude sickness with high altitude cerebral edema†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    8 mg PO once, then 4 mg PO every 6 hours until symptoms resolve. May add acetazolamide.[56782] [67542]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 4 mg/dose) PO every 6 hours until symptoms resolve. May add acetazolamide.[56398] [56782] [67542]

    Intravenous or Intramuscular dosage

    Adults

    8 mg IV or IM once, then 4 mg IV or IM every 6 hours until symptoms resolve. May add acetazolamide.[56782] [67542]

    Infants, Children, and Adolescents

    0.15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 4 mg/dose) IV or IM every 6 hours until symptoms resolve. May add acetazolamide.[56398] [56782] [67542]

    For the adjunctive treatment of infertility† in combination with clomiphene therapy

    Oral dosage

    Adult females

    0.5 mg PO once daily at bedtime, administered on cycle days 3 to 12, days 5 to 9, or starting on day 5 and continuing through conception, in combination with clomiphene (doses ranging from 50 to 200 mg/day) has been studied.[32778] [32779] [32781] Alternatively, dexamethasone 2 mg PO once daily on cycle days 5 to 14 in combination with clomiphene 200 mg/day or dexamethasone 1 mg PO twice daily on cycle days 3 to 12 in combination with clomiphene 100 mg/day PO has also been studied; HCG was administered to augment ovulation.[32780] [32782] Optimal timing and dose of dexamethasone is not clear and has varied from study to study. Combination therapy has been shown to increase ovulation rates (range, 75% to 100%) and pregnancy rates (range, 38% to 74%) in women with both normal and elevated DHEA-S concentrations and in those women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A Cochrane's review indicates that dexamethasone-clomiphene combination is one of the few adjunctive therapies for infertility that has been shown to improve pregnancy rates (fixed OR 11.3, 95% CI 5.3 to 24; NNT 2.7, 95% CI 2.1 to 3.6) [32783]; the 2 studies in this review used differing doses of 0.5 mg PO at bedtime on days 5 to 9 or 2 mg PO/day on days 5 to 14.[32778] [32782] Several theories on the mechanism of dexamethasone in infertility exist. One theory is that dexamethasone enhances folliculogenesis by suppressing adrenal androgen hypersecretion, which should augment the actions of clomiphene. Dexamethasone may increase FSH concentrations thereby facilitating folliculogenesis. Finally, dexamethasone may decrease the elevated LH concentrations in patients with PCOS.

    For altitude sickness prophylaxis†, including prevention of high altitude cerebral edema†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    2 mg PO every 6 hours or 4 mg PO every 12 hours starting the day of ascent and continuing for 2 to 3 days after reaching the target altitude or until descent is initiated. Do not exceed 10 days to prevent glucocorticoid toxicity or adrenal suppression.[56782] [67542] May consider 4 mg PO every 6 hours for very high risk situations (e.g., military or search and rescue personnel being airlifted to altitudes higher than 3,500 meters with immediate performance of physical activity).[56782] Prophylactic medications should be considered in addition to slow ascent for moderate- to high-risk situations. Dexamethasone is suggested as an alternative in individuals with a history of intolerance or allergy to acetazolamide or as an adjunct to acetazolamide in rare, emergency circumstances requiring rapid ascent and immediate performance of physical activity.[56782]

    For the treatment of post-operative nausea/vomiting (PONV)†

    Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection)

    Adults

    2 to 4 mg IV once for established post-operative nausea/vomiting (PONV), per treatment guidelines; readministration of longer-acting drugs, such as dexamethasone, is not recommended.[57398] If PONV prophylaxis was either inadequate or not initially given, dexamethasone is an appropriate rescue treatment option if not initially used for PONV prophylaxis. Of note, the 5-HT3 antagonists are the only class of drugs that have been adequately studied for the treatment of established PONV.[57398]

    For post-operative nausea/vomiting (PONV) prophylaxis†

    Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection solution)

    Adults

    4 to 5 mg IV at anesthesia induction is recommended by treatment guidelines for patients at an increased risk for post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV); administration at induction rather than at the end of surgery is preferred. Some studies suggest that 8 mg IV is associated with a dose-dependent increase in quality of recovery, including reduced fatigue, postoperative pain, and need for opioid analgesia; however, further confirmation is necessary before larger doses are universally recommend. Safety data regarding the perioperative use of dexamethasone point to a possible increased risk of wound infection and/or increased blood glucose in some patients. A single dexamethasone dose (4 to 8 mg IV) is, however, considered safe for PONV prophylaxis. For patients with labile glucose control, dexamethasone use is relatively contraindicated.[57398]

    Children and Adolescents

    0.15 to 1 mg/kg/dose IV (Max: 8 to 25 mg/dose IV) given as a single intraoperative dose reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea/vomiting in the first 24 hours, improves postoperative pain control, and decreases the time to resumption of soft/solid diet without adverse effects and is recommended in patients undergoing tonsillectomy.[54553] [54554] A lower dose of 0.015 mg/kg/dose (Max: 5 mg/dose) in combination with ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg/dose (Max: 4 mg) is recommended first-line for postoperative vomiting prophylaxis in children by the Society for Ambulatory Anesthesiology.[57398]

    For the treatment of bronchiolitis†

    Oral dosage

    Infants

    Due to the lack of consistent efficacy data and the high risk of adverse effects, the American Academy of Pediatrics does not recommend systemic corticosteroids for the management of bronchiolitis in any setting.[58442] However, other authors state corticosteroids may be beneficial in severely ill or mechanically ventilated patients.[54551] One randomized trial of 800 infants seen in the emergency department used 1 mg/kg PO once (Max: 10 mg/dose) followed by 0.6 mg/kg/dose PO once daily (Max: 10 mg/dose) for 5 days. Dexamethasone in combination with nebulized epinephrine was effective in reducing hospital admissions by day 7 of illness compared to treatment with dexamethasone alone, epinephrine alone, or placebo.[39327] In a study of 200 infants (median age 3.5 months) with an asthma risk, as determined by eczema or a family history of asthma in a first-degree relative, dexamethasone 1 mg/kg (single dose) PO then 0.6 mg/kg/dose PO once daily for 4 more days was administered with salbutamol. In infants receiving dexamethasone with salbutamol, the time to readiness for discharge was 18.6 hours vs. 27.1 hours in patients not receiving dexamethasone (p = 0.015).[56911] In contrast, 1 mg/kg/dose PO (Max: 12 mg/dose) given as a single dose did not reduce hospitalization rates, Respiratory Assessment Change Scores (RACS), length of hospitalization for those patients who required admission, or subsequent hospitalizations within 7 days compared to placebo in another large, randomized trial (n = 600).[33394]

    Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection solution)

    Infants

    Due to the lack of consistent efficacy data and the high risk of adverse effects, the American Academy of Pediatrics does not recommend systemic corticosteroids for the management of bronchiolitis in any setting.[58442] However, other authors state corticosteroids may be beneficial in severely ill or mechanically ventilated patients.[54551] 0.15 mg/kg/dose IV every 6 hours for 48 hours with the first dose administered within 24 hours of mechanical ventilation was used in patients with respiratory syncytial virus. In a post hoc analysis of patients with bronchiolitis (n = 39), the mean duration of mechanical ventilation and of supplemental oxygen were significantly shorter in patients receiving dexamethasone compared to those receiving placebo (4.9 and 7.7 days vs. 9.2 and 11.3 days, respectively); no differences were seen in the length of intensive care unit or hospital stay.[54547]

    For the treatment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia†

    for the treatment of newly diagnosed Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, in combination with rituximab and cyclophosphamide†

    Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    20 mg IV on day 1 in combination with rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV on day 1 and cyclophosphamide 100 mg/m2 orally twice daily on days 1 to 5 (total dose of 1,000 mg/m2/cycle) repeated every 21 days for 6 cycles was evaluated in a single-arm, phase II trial.[61073]

    for the treatment of newly diagnosed Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, in combination with bortezomib and rituximab†

    Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    40 mg IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 in cycles 2 and 5 in combination with bortezomib and rituximab was evaluated in a nonrandomized phase II trial. Bortezomib was given as follows: 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 for the first 21-day cycle (cycle 1) then 1.6 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 repeated every 35 days for 4 additional cycles (cycles 2, 3, 4, and 5). Rituximab was given as 375 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 in cycles 2 and 5 (for 8 total doses). All patients received premedication with acetaminophen 1,000 mg PO and diphenhydramine 50 mg IV prior to rituximab and herpes zoster prophylaxis with valacyclovir or acyclovir.[61131]

    For the treatment of amyloidosis†

    for the treatment of systemic amyloid light-chain amyloidosis, in combination with lenalidomide and cyclophosphamide†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    Dexamethasone in combination with lenalidomide (15 mg PO daily on days 1 to 21) and cyclophosphamide repeated every 28 days has been evaluated in nonrandomized, phase II studies. Treatment duration, drug dosages of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone, and thromboprophylaxis agents/recommendations varied in these studies.[61321] [61322] [61323] In one study, 12 cycles of dexamethasone (20 mg PO on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, and 12 for 6 cycles; then 20 mg PO on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 for an additional 6 cycles), lenalidomide, and cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m2 IV on days 1 and 8 for 6 cycles; then 300 mg/m2 IV on day 1 for an additional 6 cycles) were given and then maintenance therapy with lenalidomide and dexamethasone was administered for 3 additional years or until disease progression. Patients with cardiac stage III had an upfront dose modification of dexamethasone.[61321] In another study, dexamethasone (40 mg PO on days 1, 8, 15, and 22), lenalidomide, and cyclophosphamide (500 mg PO on days 1, 8, and 15) therapy was given for a maximum of 9 cycles; treatment was discontinued after cycle 6 if a complete response or partial response/very good partial response plus organ response was obtained. In this study, patients with fluid retention over 3% of body weight despite optimal diuretic use received a lower dose of dexamethasone (20 mg once weekly).[61322] In a third study, cycles of dexamethasone (40 mg PO on days 1, 8, 15, and 22), lenalidomide, and cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m2 PO on days 1, 8, and 15) were continued until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 2 years; however, cyclophosphamide was given for up to a maximum of 12 cycles only.[61323]

    for the treatment of systemic amyloid light-chain amyloidosis, in combination with lenalidomide and melphalan†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    40 mg orally on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 in combination with lenalidomide (10 mg PO daily on days 1 to 21) and melphalan repeated every 28 days has been evaluated in nonrandomized studies. Treatment duration, the melphalan dosage, and thromboprophylaxis agents/recommendations varied in these studies.[61331] [61332] In one study, melphalan (0.18 mg/kg PO daily on days 1, 2, 3, and 4), lenalidomide, and dexamethasone therapy was given for a maximum of 9 cycles; single-agent lenalidomide was continued in responding patients.[61331] In another study, lenalidomide, melphalan (5 mg/m2 PO daily on days 1, 2, 3, and 4), and dexamethasone were continued until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 12 cycles.[61332]

    for the treatment of newly diagnosed systemic amyloid light-chain amyloidosis in patients who are ineligible for stem-cell transplantation, in combination with bortezomib and melphalan†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    40 mg orally daily on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 repeated every 28 days on cycles 1 and 2 and then 40 mg orally daily on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 repeated every 35 days up to a maximum of 8 cycles in combination with bortezomib and melphalan (BMdex regimen) was evaluated in a multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial (n = 109). Patients were evaluated for response after 3 and 6 cycles of therapy; patients with a partial response (PR) or better after cycle 3 received an additional 3 cycles of therapy. Patients with a complete response (CR) or a PR and organ response stopped treatment after cycle 6.[65948]

    for the treatment of newly diagnosed light-chain amyloidosis, in combination with daratumumab; hyaluronidase, bortezomib, and cyclophosphamide†

    Intravenous and Oral dosage

    Adults

    40 mg IV or PO in combination with bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 subcutaneously and cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m2 (Max dose of 500 mg) IV or PO each given weekly on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 repeated every 28 days for a maximum of 6 cycles (VCd) plus up to 2 years of subcutaneous daratumumab; hyaluronidase (D-VCd) was evaluated in transplant eligible, newly diagnosed light-chain amyloidosis patients in a randomized, phase 3 trial (n = 388; the ANDROMEDA trial). The dose of dexamethasone was reduced to 20 mg in patients older than 70 years or who had a body mass index less than 18.5, hypervolemia, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, or prior intolerance to steroid therapy. Daratumumab; hyaluronidase was administered as follows: 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase subcutaneously weekly on weeks 1 to 8 (8 doses), 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase every 2 weeks on weeks 9 to 24 (8 doses), and then 1,800 mg daratumumab and 30,000 units hyaluronidase every 4 weeks starting on week 25 until disease progression or for a maximum of 2 years.[65366] At a median follow-up time of 11.4 (range, 0.03 to 21.3) months, the hematologic complete response rate was significantly improved (53.3% vs. 18.1%; relative risk ratio = 2.9; 95% CI, 2.1 to 4.1; p less than 0.001) in patients who received D-VCd compared with VCd in the ANDROMEDA trial. The median time to hemCR was 60 and 85 days in the D-VCd and VCd arms, respectively.[66968]

    For the treatment of pharyngitis†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    10 mg PO once daily for 1 to 2 days.[67513]

    Children and Adolescents 5 to 17 years

    0.6 mg/kg/dose (Max: 10 mg/dose) PO once daily for 1 to 2 days.[67513]

    Intramuscular dosage

    Adults

    10 mg IM once daily for 1 to 2 days.[67513]

    Children and Adolescents 5 to 17 years

    0.6 mg/kg/dose (Max: 10 mg/dose) IM once daily for 1 to 2 days.[67513]

    For the treatment of thyrotoxicosis†, including thyroid storm†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    2 mg PO every 6 hours. Taper dose based on clinical response and the duration of steroid therapy.[61515] [68189]

    Intravenous dosage

    Adults

    2 mg IV every 6 hours. Taper dose based on clinical response and the duration of steroid therapy.[61515] [68189]

    For the treatment of neurocysticercosis† as adjunctive therapy in combination with antiparasitics

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    6 to 8 mg PO divided into 3 daily doses starting 3 days before antiparasitics and continuing for the duration of therapy. Titrate based on clinical response. Taper over 6 to 8 weeks to avoid rebound symptoms.[63735] [69053] [69054] [69056] [69057]

    Children and Adolescents

    0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/day PO starting 3 days before antiparasitics and continuing for the duration of therapy. Titrate based on clinical response. Taper over 6 to 8 weeks after antiparasitic therapy is complete to avoid rebound symptoms.[63735] [69053] [69056] [69057]

    For asthma maintenance treatment

    Oral dosage

    Infants and Children 1 to 11 years

    0.4 mg/kg/dose PO once daily or every other day as needed for symptom control.[33558] Consider add-on low dose oral corticosteroids (7.5 mg/day or less of prednisone equivalent) only for those with poor symptom control and/or frequent exacerbation despite good inhaler technique and treatment adherence. Add corticosteroids only after exclusion of other contributory factors and consideration of other add-on treatments.[64807] Guidelines suggest dexamethasone syrup as an alternative in persons unable to tolerate liquid prednisone or prednisolone.[33558]

    For the management of hyponatremia overcorrection† in chronic hyponatremia

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    4 mg PO every 6 hours for 24 to 48 hours. Glucocorticoids may stabilize and prevent osmotic disruption of the blood-brain barrier.[62924]

    Intravenous dosage

    Adults

    4 mg IV every 6 hours for 24 to 48 hours. Glucocorticoids may stabilize and prevent osmotic disruption of the blood-brain barrier.[62924]

    For the treatment of HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets)†

    Intravenous dosage (dexamethasone sodium phosphate)

    Adults

    10 mg IV every 12 hours for up to 48 hours antepartum, then 5 to 10 mg IV every 12 hours for 24 to 48 hours postpartum. Duration may be shortened or extended based on clinical response.[38667] [70966] [70967] [70968]

    For the treatment of vitiligo†

    Oral dosage

    Adults

    2.5 to 10 mg PO once daily for 2 consecutive days every week until arrest of disease activity. May increase the dose by 2.5 mg/dose based on clinical response. Max: 10 mg/dose.[71057] [71058] [71069] [71070] [71074]

    Children and Adolescents 5 to 17 years

    2.5 to 5 mg PO once daily for 2 consecutive days every week until arrest of disease activity. May increase the dose by 2.5 mg/dose based on clinical response. Max: 7.5 mg/dose.[71057] [71058] [71070] [71074]

    For the treatment of active Meniere disease†

    Intratympanic dosage

    Adults

    1.6 to 19.2 mg by intratympanic injection as a single dose or every 3 to 7 days for up to 4 doses based on clinical response.[71188]

    Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

    Maximum Dosage Limits

      Patients with Hepatic Impairment Dosing

      Specific guidelines for systemic dosage adjustments in hepatic impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed.

      Patients with Renal Impairment Dosing

      Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in renal impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed.

      † Off-label indication
      Revision Date: 10/04/2024, 03:38:00 AM

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      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Decadron 0.75mg Tablet (00006-0063) (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Decadron 0.75mg Tablet (58463-0015) (Pragma Pharmaceuticals, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.25mg Tablet (49884-0083) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.5mg Tablet (60505-6249) (Apotex Corp) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.5mg Tablet (49884-0084) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.5mg Tablet (49884-0084) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.5mg Tablet (48102-0045) (Fera Pharmaceuticals) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.5mg Tablet (00054-4179) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.5mg Tablet (00054-8179) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.5mg Tablet (72603-0212) (NorthStar Rx LLC) nullDexamethasone 0.5mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.5mg Tablet (70954-0398) (Novitium Pharma, LLC ) nullDexamethasone 0.5mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (53217-0231) (Aidarex Pharmaceuticals, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (60505-6250) (Apotex Corp) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (49884-0085) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (49884-0085) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (48102-0046) (Fera Pharmaceuticals) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (00054-4180) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (00054-8180) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (72603-0213) (NorthStar Rx LLC) nullDexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (70954-0399) (Novitium Pharma, LLC ) nullDexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (66267-0066) (NuCare Pharmaceuticals Inc) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (55289-0903) (PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (55289-0903) (PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (68788-7267) (Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 0.75mg Tablet (00182-0488) (Teva Pharmaceuticals USA) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexabliss 11-DAY DOSE PACK 1.5mg Tablet (71905-0400) (Levins Pharmaceuticals, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (60505-6252) (Apotex Corp) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (61919-0827) (Direct Rx) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (49884-0086) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (49884-0086) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (00054-4182) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (00054-8181) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (70868-0920) (Key Therapeutics, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (68047-0702) (Larken Laboratories) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (72603-0187) (NorthStar Rx LLC) nullDexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (70954-0401) (Novitium Pharma, LLC ) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (42195-0151) (Xspire Pharma Brand) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1.5mg Tablet (42195-0721) (Xspire Pharma, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 10-DAY DOSE PACK 1.5mg Tablet (68047-0702) (Larken Laboratories) nullDexamethasone 10-DAY DOSE PACK 1.5mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 13-DAY DOSE PACK 1.5mg Tablet (68047-0702) (Larken Laboratories) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1mg Tablet (60505-6251) (Apotex Corp) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1mg Tablet (00054-4181) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 1mg Tablet (00054-8174) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6-DAY DOSE PACK 1.5mg Tablet (68047-0702) (Larken Laboratories) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      DexPak 10-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (00095-0087) (Bausch Health US, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      DexPak 10-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (00095-0086) (ECR Pharmaceuticals) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      DexPak 10-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (00095-0087) (ECR Pharmaceuticals) (off market)DexPak 10-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      DexPak 13-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (00095-0088) (Bausch Health US, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      DexPak 13-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (00095-0086) (ECR Pharmaceuticals) (off market)DexPak 13-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      DexPak 13-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (00095-0088) (ECR Pharmaceuticals) (off market)DexPak 13-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      DexPak 6-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (00095-0089) (Bausch Health US, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      DexPak 6-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (00095-0089) (ECR Pharmaceuticals) (off market)DexPak 6-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      DexPak Jr 10-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (00095-0086) (ECR Pharmaceuticals) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dxevo 11-DAY DOSE PACK 1.5mg Tablet (70569-0151) (Phlight Pharma, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dxevo 11-DAY DOSE PACK 1.5mg Tablet (70362-0702) (Skylar Laboratories, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      HiDex 6-day Tablet (15014-0211) (Gentex Pharma LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      LoCort 11-Day Tablet (71297-0211) (Allegis Holdings, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      LoCort 7-Day Tablet (71297-0127) (Allegis Holdings, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      TaperDex 12-Day Tablet (42195-0149) (Xspire Pharma Brand) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      TaperDex 6-Day Tablet (71205-0012) (Proficient Rx LP) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      TaperDex 6-Day Tablet (42195-0121) (Xspire Pharma Brand) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      TaperDex 7-Day Tablet (42195-0127) (Xspire Pharma Brand) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      ZCORT 7-Day Tapered 1.5mg Tablet (79043-0200) (Scite Pharma, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Zema-Pak 10-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (44183-0507) (Macoven Pharmaceuticals, LLC, a subsidiary of Currax Pharmaceuticals, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Zema-Pak 13-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (44183-0508) (Macoven Pharmaceuticals, LLC, a subsidiary of Currax Pharmaceuticals, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Zema-Pak 6-day TaperPak 1.5mg Tablet (44183-0509) (Macoven Pharmaceuticals, LLC, a subsidiary of Currax Pharmaceuticals, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      ZoDex 12-Day Tablet (42195-0150) (Xspire Pharma, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      ZoDex 6-Day Tablet (42195-0150) (Xspire Pharma, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      ZonaCort 11 Day Tapered 1.5mg Tablet (70868-0111) (Key Therapeutics, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      ZonaCort 7 Day Tapered 1.5mg Tablet (70868-0107) (Key Therapeutics, LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (60687-0773) (American Health Packaging) nullDexamethasone 2mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (60219-2056) (Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (60505-6253) (Apotex Corp) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (69452-0276) (Bionpharma Inc) nullDexamethasone 2mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (55154-4901) (Cardinal Health, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (00054-4183) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (00054-8176) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (72603-0188) (NorthStar Rx LLC) nullDexamethasone 2mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (70954-0402) (Novitium Pharma, LLC ) nullDexamethasone 2mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (43063-0266) (PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 2mg Tablet (63187-0383) (Proficient Rx LP) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Decadron 4mg Tablet (00006-0097) (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Decadron 4mg Tablet (58463-0016) (Pragma Pharmaceuticals, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (47781-0914) (Alvogen, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (60687-0718) (American Health Packaging) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (60219-2043) (Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (60505-6254) (Apotex Corp) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (50090-0088) (A-S Medication Solutions LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (42291-0155) (AvKARE, Inc.) nullDexamethasone 4mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (69452-0277) (Bionpharma Inc) nullDexamethasone 4mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (10544-0212) (Blenheim Pharmacal, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (49884-0087) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (49884-0087) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (48102-0047) (Fera Pharmaceuticals) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (48102-0051) (Fera Pharmaceuticals) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (51407-0361) (Golden State Medical Supply, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (00054-4184) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (00054-8175) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (00904-7266) (Major Pharmaceuticals Inc, a Harvard Drug Group Company) nullDexamethasone 4mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (72603-0189) (NorthStar Rx LLC) nullDexamethasone 4mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (70954-0403) (Novitium Pharma, LLC ) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (55289-0582) (PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (66993-0730) (Prasco Laboratories) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (68788-7142) (Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (63187-0561) (Proficient Rx LP) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (00677-0849) (Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 4mg Tablet (00182-1614) (Teva Pharmaceuticals USA) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Decadron 6mg Tablet (58463-0017) (Pragma Pharmaceuticals, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (47781-0916) (Alvogen, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (60687-0729) (American Health Packaging) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (60219-2044) (Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (60505-6255) (Apotex Corp) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (69452-0278) (Bionpharma Inc) nullDexamethasone 6mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (49884-0129) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (49884-0129) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (49884-0373) (Endo USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (48102-0048) (Fera Pharmaceuticals) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (00054-4186) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (00054-8183) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (72603-0190) (NorthStar Rx LLC) nullDexamethasone 6mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (70954-0404) (Novitium Pharma, LLC ) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Dexamethasone 6mg Tablet (70518-2998) (RemedyRepack, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Hemady 20mg Tablet (72893-0015) (Acrotech Biopharma, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Oral tablet

      Hemady 20mg Tablet (82111-0955) (Edenbridge Pharmaceuticals, LLC) nullHemady 20mg Tablet package photo

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Inhalation vapour, solution

      Dexacort 84mcg Turbinaire Inhalant (53014-0203) (UCB Pharma Inc) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Inhalation vapour, solution

      Dexacort PH 84mcg Turbinaire Inhalant (53014-0201) (UCB Pharma Inc) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Ophthalmic drops, solution

      AK-Dex 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution (17478-0279) (Akorn Inc) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Ophthalmic drops, solution

      Decadron Phosphate 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution (00006-7643) (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Ophthalmic drops, solution

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution (24208-0720) (Bausch Health US, LLC) nullDexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution package photo

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Ophthalmic drops, solution

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution (00904-3006) (Major Pharmaceuticals Inc, a Harvard Drug Group Company) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Ophthalmic drops, solution

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution (57319-0065) (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals Inc) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Ophthalmic drops, solution

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution (61314-0294) (Sandoz Inc. a Novartis Company) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Ophthalmic drops, solution

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution (60855-0720) (Sight Pharmaceuticals Inc) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Ophthalmic drops, solution

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution (11695-4188) (WA Butler Co) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Ophthalmic ointment

      Decadron Phosphate 0.05% Ophthalmic Ointment (00006-7615) (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Ophthalmic ointment

      Ocu-Dex 0.05% Ophthalmic Ointment (51944-3390) (Ocumed Inc) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Decadron 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00006-7628) (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 120mg/30mL Solution for Injection (55150-0239) (Eugia US LLC fka AuroMedics Pharma LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 120mg/30mL Solution for Injection (67457-0421) (Mylan Institutional LLC ) nullDexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 120mg/30mL Solution for Injection package photo

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 120mg/30ml Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (00069-0192) (Mylan Institutional LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 120mg/30ml Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (00069-0192) (Pfizer Injectables) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 120mg/30mL Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (67457-0484) (Mylan Institutional LLC ) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 20mg/5mL Solution for Injection (55150-0238) (Eugia US LLC fka AuroMedics Pharma LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 20mg/5mL Solution for Injection (00641-6146) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) nullDexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 20mg/5mL Solution for Injection package photo

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 20mg/5ml Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (00069-0178) (Mylan Institutional LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 20mg/5ml Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (00069-0178) (Pfizer Injectables) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 20mg/5mL Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (67457-0418) (Mylan Institutional LLC ) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 20mg/5mL Solution for Injection (PREMIER ProRx) (63323-0165) (Fresenius Kabi AG) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00517-4901) (American Regent Inc, a division of Luitpold Pharmaceuticals) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00517-4905) (American Regent Inc, a division of Luitpold Pharmaceuticals) (off market)Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection package photo

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00517-4930) (American Regent Inc, a division of Luitpold Pharmaceuticals) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (50090-2313) (A-S Medication Solutions LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (50090-1922) (A-S Medication Solutions LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00641-2273) (Baxter Anesthesia/Critical Care) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00069-4545) (Mylan Institutional LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00069-4543) (Mylan Institutional LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00069-4547) (Mylan Institutional LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (67457-0423) (Mylan Institutional LLC ) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (67457-0422) (Mylan Institutional LLC ) nullDexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection package photo

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00069-4547) (Pfizer Injectables) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00069-4543) (Pfizer Injectables) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00069-4545) (Pfizer Injectables) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Solution for Injection (55154-9364) (Cardinal Health, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Solution for Injection (72572-0120) (Civica, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Solution for Injection (55150-0237) (Eugia US LLC fka AuroMedics Pharma LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Solution for Injection (63323-0165) (Fresenius Kabi AG) nullDexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Solution for Injection package photo

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Solution for Injection (00641-6145) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Solution for Injection (81565-0202) (Phlow Corp.) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Solution for Injection (70518-3019) (RemedyRepack, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (00069-0179) (Pfizer Injectables) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (67457-0419) (Mylan Institutional LLC ) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Solution for Injection (PREMIER ProRx) (63323-0165) (Fresenius Kabi AG) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Simplist Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 4mg/mL Prefilled Syringe Solution for Injection (76045-0106) (BD Rx Inc., a Fresenius Kabi USA Company) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Solurex 4mg/ml Solution for Injection (00314-0896) (Hyrex Pharmaceuticals) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 100mg/10ml Solution for Injection (67457-0420) (Mylan Institutional LLC ) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 100mg/10mL Solution for Injection (50090-4567) (A-S Medication Solutions LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 100mg/10mL Solution for Injection (55150-0305) (Eugia US LLC fka AuroMedics Pharma LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 100mg/10mL Solution for Injection (63323-0516) (Fresenius Kabi AG) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 100mg/10mL Solution for Injection (70069-0025) (Somerset Therapeutics, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 100mg/10mL Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (67457-0483) (Mylan Institutional LLC ) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection (00641-0367) (Baxter Anesthesia/Critical Care) (off market)Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection package photo

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection (00641-0367) (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA inc.) nullDexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection package photo

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection (00069-4541) (Mylan Institutional LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection (00069-4541) (Pfizer Injectables) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection (70518-1922) (RemedyRepack, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection (70518-0532) (RemedyRepack, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection (00703-3524) (Teva Pharmaceuticals USA) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/mL Solution for Injection (70121-1399) (Amneal Biosciences) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/mL Solution for Injection (72572-0122) (Civica, Inc.) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/mL Solution for Injection (55150-0304) (Eugia US LLC fka AuroMedics Pharma LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/mL Solution for Injection (63323-0506) (Fresenius Kabi AG) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/mL Solution for Injection (70069-0021) (Somerset Therapeutics, LLC) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (00069-0177) (Mylan Institutional LLC) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/ml Solution for Injection (NOVAPLUS) (00069-0177) (Pfizer Injectables) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/mL Solution for Injection (PREMIER ProRx) (63323-0506) (Fresenius Kabi AG) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      DoubleDex Kit (76420-0766) (Enovachem Manufacturing) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      ReadySharp Dexamethasone (53225-3660) (Terrain Pharmaceuticals) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Simplist Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10mg/mL Prefilled Syringe Solution for Injection (76045-0109) (BD Rx Inc., a Fresenius Kabi USA Company) null

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Solution for injection

      Decadron 24mg/ml Solution for Injection (00006-7646) (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Suspension for injection

      Dalalone 4mg/mL Suspension for Injection (00456-1074) (Allergan USA, Inc.) (off market)

      Dexamethasone Suspension for injection

      DEXYCU 9% Intraocular Suspension Kit (71879-0001) (EyePoint Pharmaceuticals) null

      Description/Classification

      Description

      Dexamethasone and its derivatives, dexamethasone sodium phosphate and dexamethasone acetate, are synthetic glucocorticoids used as anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive agents. Dexamethasone is available as oral, parenteral, as well as topical ophthalmic and intraocular dosage forms. Dexamethasone is used for many conditions in adult and pediatric patients, including cerebral edema, prevention of transplant rejection, and many allergic, dermatologic, ophthalmic, and systemic inflammatory conditions. Systemic dexamethasone is usually selected for the management of cerebral edema because of its superior ability to penetrate the CNS. Dexamethasone is also commonly used in antiemetic regimens for chemotherapy patients and is included in the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guideline-based dosage regimens.[63197] In general, prednisone is more commonly prescribed as an oral corticosteroid when systemic treatment is needed for most conditions. Dexamethasone has little to no mineralocorticoid activity and is therefore not used by itself in the management of adrenal insufficiency. Systemic corticosteroids may be added to other long-term maintenance medications in the management of uncontrolled severe persistent asthma. Once stabilization of asthma is achieved, regular attempts should be made to reduce or eliminate the use of systemic corticosteroids due to the side effects associated with chronic administration. Short courses of treatment may be used in the management of asthma exacerbations.[64807][66299]

       

      Updates for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19):

      The National Institutes of Health (NIH) COVID-19 treatment guidelines have released recommendations for the use of corticosteroids that are based on disease severity.

      Adult patients

      • The NIH guideline recommends dexamethasone for use in the following patients with COVID-19:
        • For most hospitalized patients who require conventional oxygen BUT NOT on high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), the NIH recommends dexamethasone (with or without remdesivir) as a treatment option. For patients with rapidly increasing oxygen needs and systemic inflammation, baricitinib or tocilizumab may be added to dexamethasone.
        • For all hospitalized patients who require oxygen through a high-flow device or noninvasive ventilation, dexamethasone should be given with baricitinib (preferred option) or tocilizumab (secondary option). If baricitinib or tocilizumab (or the alternatives tofacitinib or sarilumab) are not available or are contraindicated, dexamethasone may be given alone. Remdesivir may be added for certain patients.
        • For all hospitalized patients who require mechanical ventilation or ECMO, dexamethasone should be given with either baricitinib or tocilizumab. If baricitinib or tocilizumab (or the alternatives tofacitinib or sarilumab) are not available or are contraindicated, dexamethasone may be given alone. For patients who initially received remdesivir monotherapy and progressed to requiring mechanical ventilation or ECMO, add dexamethasone and continue remdesivir until the treatment course is completed.
      • The NIH recommends against the use or continuing use of corticosteroids in the following patients with COVID-19:
        • Patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 (i.e., non-hospitalized patients or hospitalized patients that do not require supplemental oxygen) unless the patient has another clinical indication for steroid therapy.
        • Patients discharged from inpatient hospital settings in stable condition, even if receiving supplemental oxygen.[65314]

      Pediatric patients

      • The NIH guidelines recommend dexamethasone (with or without remdesivir) for hospitalized pediatric patients who require high-flow oxygen or noninvasive ventilation. Dexamethasone (without remdesivir) is also recommended for pediatric patients requiring mechanical ventilation or ECMO. The addition of baricitinib or tocilizumab may be considered for children who do not have rapid (e.g., within 24 hours) improvement in oxygenation after initiation of dexamethasone.
      • Corticosteroids are not routinely recommended for pediatric patients who require only conventional oxygen, but corticosteroids can be considered in combination with remdesivir for patients with increasing oxygen needs, particularly adolescents.
      • The use of dexamethasone for treatment of severe COVID-19 in pediatric patients who are profoundly immunocompromised has not been evaluated and may be harmful; in such cases, treatment should be considered on a case-by-case basis.[65314]

       

      The World Health Organization strongly recommends the use of systemic corticosteroids, including dexamethasone, in patients with severe or critical COVID-19; but suggests against use in patients with non-severe COVID-19.[65876]

      Classifications

      • Diagnostic Agents
        • Diagnostic Hormonal Agents
      • Respiratory System
        • Agents for Reactive and Obstructive Airway Diseases
          • Corticosteroids
            • Respiratory Corticosteroids
      • Sensory Organs
        • Ophthalmologicals
          • Ophthalmological Corticosteroids
      • Systemic Hormonal Agents (excluding Sex Hormones)
        • Systemic Corticosteroids
          • Systemic Corticosteroid Combinations
          • Systemic Corticosteroids, Plain
      Revision Date: 10/04/2024, 03:38:00 AM

      References

      63197 - Hesketh PJ, Kris MG, Basch E, et al. Antiemetics: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:3240-61.64807 - Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2020. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org. Accessed May 20th, 2020.65314 - COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. Accessed August 13, 2024. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/4887/20240626155208/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/65876 - World Health Organization Guideline Panel. Corticosteroids for COVID-19. World Health Organization. Accessed September 3, 2020. Available on the World Wide Web at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Corticosteroids-2020.166299 - Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC), et al. 2020 Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines: A Report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146:1217-1270.

      Administration Information

      General Administration Information

      For storage information, see the specific product information within the How Supplied section.

      Route-Specific Administration

      Oral Administration

      • Administer with food to minimize GI upset.
      • If given once daily, give in the morning to coincide with the body's normal cortisol secretion.

      Oral Liquid Formulations

      Dexamethasone Intensol (Oral Solution Concentrate)

      • 1 mg/mL concentrated solution; contains 30% alcohol.
      • Measure the appropriate dose, using only the calibrated dropper provided with product.
      • Mix the dose with liquid or semi-solid food such as water, juice, soda, applesauce, or pudding and stir the preparation for a few seconds.
      • Consume the entire mixture immediately; do not store for future use.[60761]

      Injectable Administration

      • Visually inspect parenteral products for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.
      • Some injectable formulations contain benzyl alcohol; avoid the use of these formulations in premature neonates, and use with caution in neonates.[60760]

      Intravenous Administration

      Direct IV injection:

      • Dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution for injection 4 mg/mL or 10 mg/mL may be given directly from the vial.[60760]

       

      Intermittent or continuous IV infusion:

      • Dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution for injection 4 mg/mL or 10 mg/mL may be added to 5% Dextrose injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride injection, USP and given by IV infusion.
      • Use diluted solutions within 24 hours, as infusion solutions generally do not contain preservatives.[60760]

      Intramuscular Administration

      • Dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution for injection 4 mg/mL or 10 mg/mL may be administered intramuscularly.[60760]

      Other Injectable Administration

      Intra-articular, Soft tissue, or Intralesional injection

      • Dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution for injection 4 mg/mL may be administered into joints, soft tissues, or lesions, but administration of dexamethasone via these routes requires specialized techniques.
      • Only clinicians familiar with these methods of administration and with management of potential complications should administer dexamethasone by these routes.
      • Frequent intra-articular injections may result in damage to joint tissues.
      • Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection is particularly recommended for use in conjunction with one of the less soluble, longer-acting steroids for intra-articular and soft tissue injection.[60760]

      Ophthalmic Administration

      Ophthalmic solution or suspension:

      • Apply ophthalmic solution or suspension topically to the eye.
      • For ophthalmic suspensions, shake well prior to each administration.
      • Instruct patient on appropriate instillation technique.
      • Do not to touch the tip of the dropper or tube to the eye, fingertips, or other surfaces.
      • To prevent contamination, each dropper is for 1 individual, do not share among patients.
      • The initial prescription and renewal of the ophthalmic suspension should be made by a physician only after examination of the patient with the aid of magnification, such as slit lamp biomicroscopy and fluorescein staining (where appropriate). Prescribe no more than 1 bottle at a time.[54348] [61633]

       

      Intraocular Administration

      • For administration by the physician at the end of the ophthalmic surgical procedure.

      Dexycu Intraocular Suspension

      Preparation of intraocular suspension:

      • Prepare a sterile field. Remove the components of the administration kit from their respective pouches and place onto the sterile field.
      • Withdraw the syringe plunger approximately 1 inch. Place the syringe ring on the plunger (slit facing the plunger). Apply slight downward pressure until the syringe ring "snaps" into place.
      • Place the 18-gauge needle firmly on the syringe. Remove the cap from the needle. Depress the plunger completely and then withdraw the plunger to fill the syringe with air.
      • Mix using a vortex mixer or vigorously shake the vial sideways for a minimum of 30 seconds; the suspended drug material must be used immediately after shaking.
      • Remove the blue plastic flip-cap from the vial and wipe the top of the rubber stopper with an alcohol pad. Invert the vial.
      • Insert the needle into the vial and inject the air into the vial. Making sure the needle tip is immersed in the drug material pooled in the neck of the inverted vial, fill the syringe by slowly withdrawing the plunger approximately 0.2 mL. Remove the needle from the vial and discard the unused portion in the vial.
      • Remove the needle from the syringe. Firmly place the cannula on the syringe and remove the plastic cap. Hold the syringe vertically with the cannula pointing up. Depress the plunger to expel air bubbles from the syringe.
      • Affix the syringe guide over the syringe ring on the plunger.
      • Depress the plunger until the syringe guide/ring mechanism comes gently into contact with the flange of the syringe. Lightly tap/flick the barrel of the syringe to remove any excess drug from the tip of the cannula. Do not wipe or touch the tip of the cannula to remove excess drug.
      • Remove the syringe guide, leaving the syringe ring in place. CAUTION: DO NOT MOVE THE PLUNGER. The space between the syringe ring and the top of the plunger is the medication injection volume that will be applied to the patient's eye; the syringe is now ready for injection.[48640]

       

      Intraocular Administration:

      • In a single slow-motion, inject 0.005 mL of the drug material behind the iris in the inferior portion of the posterior chamber. If the sphere of the administered drug after intraocular injection appears to be larger than 2 mm in diameter, excess drug material may be removed by irrigation and aspiration in the sterile surgical setting.
      • Some drug material will remain in the syringe after the injection; this is necessary for accurate dosing. Discard the unused portion remaining in the syringe after administration.[48640]

       

      Dextenza Ophthalmic Insert

      Intracanalicular Administration:

      • Do not use if pouch has been damaged or opened. Do not re-sterilize.
      • Carefully remove foam carrier and transfer to a clean and dry area. If necessary, dilate the punctum with an ophthalmic dilator. Care should be taken not to perforate the canaliculus during dilation or placement of the insert. If perforation occurs, do not place the insert in the eye.
      • After drying the punctal area, using blunt (non-toothed) forceps, grasp the insert and place into the lower lacrimal canaliculus by pulling the lid temporally and inserting nasally. Ensure the insert is placed just below the punctal opening. Excessive squeezing of the insert with forceps may cause deformation.
      • To aid in the hydration of the insert, 1 to 2 drops of balanced salt solution can be instilled into the punctum. The insert hydrates quickly upon contact with moisture. If the insert begins to hydrate before fully inserted, discard the product and use a new insert.
      • The insert can be visualized when illuminated by a blue light source (e.g., slit lamp or hand held blue light) with yellow filter.[63796]
      • The insert is for single-use only.
      • Insert is resorbable; removal not required.

      Otic Administration

      Otic Administration of Ophthalmic Solution:

      • Clean the ear canal thoroughly and sponge dry prior to administration.
      • Instill the solution directly into the ear canal.
      • Alternatively, a gauze wick may be saturated with solution and packed into the ear canal. Keep the gauze wick moist with solution and remove from ear after 12 to 24 hours.[54348]

      Other Administration Route(s)

      Intravitreal Implant Administration

      • Intravitreal implantation should be performed only by surgeons who have observed or assisted in surgical implantation of the implant. Consult specialized instructions regarding insertion of the implant.
      • Administer via intravitreal injection with the provided single-use plastic applicator.
      • Use controlled aseptic conditions, which include the use of sterile gloves, a sterile drape, and a sterile eyelid speculum (or equivalent).
      • Use each applicator for a single treatment only. If the contralateral eye requires treatment, a new applicator must be used and the sterile field should be changed.
      • After the intravitreal injection, monitor patients for elevation in intraocular pressure and for endophthalmitis. Monitoring may consist of a check for reperfusion of the optic nerve head immediately after the injection, tonometry within 30 minutes after the injection, and biomicroscopy 2 to 7 days after the injection.
      • Instruct patients to promptly report any symptoms suggestive of endophthalmitis.[41921]

      Clinical Pharmaceutics Information

      From Trissel's 2‚Ñ¢ Clinical Pharmaceutics Database

      Dexamethasone sodium phosphate

      pH Range
      10 mg/mL- pH range of 7 to 8.5 4 mg/mL- pH range of 7.5 to 10.5 In NS 0.5 to 2 mg/mL- pH 7.3 to 7.5
      ReferencesAnon. Manufacturer's information and labeling. (Package insert).
      ReferencesSchneider JJ, Wilson KM, Ravenscroft PJ. A study of the osmolality and pH of subcutaneous drug infusion solutions. Austral J Hosp Pharm. 1997; 27
      Osmolality/Osmolarity
      Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injections are near isotonicity. The 4-mg/mL concentration of dexamethasone sodium phosphate had a measured osmolality of 356 mOsm/kg. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate diluted to concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL in sodium chloride 0.9% had measured osmolalities of 269, 260, and 238 mOsm/kg, respectively.
      ReferencesAnon. Manufacturer's information and labeling. (Package insert).
      ReferencesBretschneider H. Osmolalities of commercially supplied drugs often used in anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1987; 66
      ReferencesSchneider JJ, Wilson KM, Ravenscroft PJ. A study of the osmolality and pH of subcutaneous drug infusion solutions. Austral J Hosp Pharm. 1997; 27
      Stability
      Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection in intact containers stored as directed by the manufacturer is stable until the labeled expiration date. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate is sensitive to heat; the vials should not be autoclaved. Lugo and Nahata reported that dexamethasone sodium phosphate1 mg/mL in bacteriostatic sodium chloride 0.9% packaged in glass vials remained clear and was stable exhibiting little or no loss by HPLC analysis in 28 days stored at room temperature or refrigerated. Infusion Solutions: Dexamethasone sodium phosphate diluted for infusion has been found to be stable for extended periods up to 14 days at room temperature in dextrose 5% and up to 22 days in sodium chloride 0.9%. Packaged in Syringes: Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection packaged in glass syringes or syringe cartridges has been reported to be stable for periods ranging from 91 days to 196 days. In plastic syringes, conflicting information exists, but stability-indicating HPLC analysis indicates the drug is stable at room temperature for periods up to 55 days. Lau et al. evaluated dexamethasone sodium phosphate 10 mg/mL packaged in Glaspak disposable glass syringes and polypropylene plastic syringes. No loss of drug was found by stability-indicating HPLC analysis in 90 days at 4 and 23 degree C. This is consistent with Levin et al. and Kirschenbaum et al. who reported room temperature drug stability for 3 months in Tubex cartridges and for 196 days in disposable glass syringes, respectively. Lau et al also reported that the 10-mg/mL concentration packaged in 1- and 3-mL Monoject polypropylene plastic syringes exhibited 3% loss in 35 days and 7% loss in 55 days at room temperature using a stability-indicating HPLC analysis specific for dexamethasone. However Speaker et al. reported substantial changes in ultraviolet light absorbance for dexamethasone 4 mg/mL packaged in 3-mL Becton Dickinson, Monoject, and Terumo plastic syringes. The changes were attributed to loss of dexamethasone; losses ranged from 5 to 20% in one day. The UV analysis is non-specific, and the changes could be from other components. Gupta reported that dexamethasone sodium phosphate 1 and 0.1 mg/ml in sodium chloride 0.9% packaged in 3- and 5-ml Becton Dickinson polypropylene syringes was stable when stored at 25 ?C. The solutions remained clear throughout the study, and less than 3% loss occurred by HPLC analysis in 22 days. Dobrinas et al. evaluated the stability of dexamethasone sodium phosphate 4 mg/mL in aqueous solution for use as intraocular injections during ophthalmic surgery. The solution was packaged in 1-mL syringes with tip seals, placed in light protective plastic bags, and stored frozen at -18 degree C for 6 months. Samples were thawed at room temperature for evaluation. The syringes remained sterile, endotoxin-free, and tightly sealed when challenged with a methylene blue 1% solution. Stability-indicating HPLC analysis found little or no drug loss over 6 months of frozen storage. Paramedic Vehicles: Valenzuela et al. reported the stability of dexamethasone exposed to temperatures ranging from 26 to 38 degree C under simulated summer conditions in paramedic vehicles over 4 weeks. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry found no change in the drug over 4 weeks under these simulated use conditions.
      ReferencesAnon. Manufacturer's information and labeling. (Package insert).
      ReferencesChin A, Suk Y, Moon K, et al. Stability of granisetron hydrochloride with dexamethasone sodium phosphate for 14 days. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1996; 53
      ReferencesDobrinas M, Fleury-Souverain S, Sadeghipour F, et al. Stability of ophthalmic injections of ceftazidime, vancomycin and dexamethasone in aqueous humor after freezing, storage and thawing (accessed at http://pharmacie.hug-ge/rd/posters). Pharm Hopitaux Univ Geneve. 2007;
      ReferencesGupta VD. Chemical stability of dexamethasone sodium phosphate after reconstitution in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and storage in polypropylene syringes. Int J Pharmaceut Compound. 2002; 6
      ReferencesKirschenbaum BE, Latiolais CJ. Injectable medications - a guide to stability and reconstitution. New York, NY: McMahon Group. Data on file. 1993;
      ReferencesLau DWC, Law S, Walker SE, et al. Dexamethasone phosphate stability and contamination of solutions stored in syringes. PDA J Pharm Sci Tech. 1996; 50
      ReferencesLevin HJ, Fieber RA, Levi RS. Stability data for Tubex filled by hospital pharmacists. Hosp Pharm. 1973; 8
      ReferencesLugo RA, Nahata MC. Stability of diluted dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection at two temperatures. Ann Pharmacother. 1994; 28
      ReferencesValenzuela TD, Criss EA, Hammargen WM, et al. Thermal stability of prehospital medications. Ann Emerg Med. 1989; 18
      Light Exposure
      No unacceptable adverse effect on drug concentration due to normal fluorescent light exposure was observed in a stability study of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in infusion solutions and in syringes.
      ReferencesHagan RL, Mallett MS, Fox JL. Stability of ondansetron hydrochloride and dexamethasone sodium phosphate in infusion bags and syringes for 32 days. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1996; 53
      ReferencesLau DWC, Law S, Walker SE, et al. Dexamethasone phosphate stability and contamination of solutions stored in syringes. PDA J Pharm Sci Tech. 1996; 50
      Freezing
      The manufacturer states that dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection should be protected from freezing during storage. Rolin et al. found little or no loss of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in an admixture with ondansetron hydrochloride mixed in dextrose 5% when stored for 3 months frozen at -20 degree C. Dobrinas et al. evaluated the stability of dexamethasone sodium phosphate 4 mg/mL in aqueous solution for use as intraocular injections during ophthalmic surgery. The solution was packaged in 1-mL syringes with tip seals, placed in light protective plastic bags, and stored frozen at -18 degree C for 6 months. Samples were thawed at room temperature for evaluation. The syringes remained sterile, endotoxin-free, and tightly sealed when challenged with a methylene blue 1% solution. Stability-indicating HPLC analysis found little or no drug loss over 6 months of frozen storage.
      ReferencesAnon. Manufacturer's information and labeling. (Package insert).
      ReferencesDobrinas M, Fleury-Souverain S, Sadeghipour F, et al. Stability of ophthalmic injections of ceftazidime, vancomycin and dexamethasone in aqueous humor after freezing, storage and thawing (accessed at http://pharmacie.hug-ge/rd/posters). Pharm Hopitaux Univ Geneve. 2007;
      ReferencesRolin C, Hecq JD, Vanbeckbergen DF, et al. Stability of ondansetron and dexamethasone infusion upon refrigeration. Ann Pharmacother. 2011; 45
      Filtration
      Dexamethasone sodium phosphate has not shown loss due to binding to cellulose ester membranes filters (Ivex-2 and S-A-I-F), polycarbonate membrane filters (In-Sure Filter set), and stainless steel depth filters (Argyle Filter Connector). Mueller et al. reported no loss of dexamethasone sodium phosphate from ViaSpan organ cold storage solution filtered through Pall SQ40S 40-micron blood transfusion filters. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate 80 mcg/mL underwent no loss due to filtration through a Pall Supor membrane filter.
      ReferencesAnon. Pall Medical Supor-membrane IV filter device drug-adsorption data. Data on file. 2004; 8
      ReferencesMueller BJ, Guessford SA, Chen TT, et al. Effect of inline filtration on ViaSpan cold-storage solution. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1998; 55
      ReferencesRusmin S, Welton S, DeLuca P, et al. Effect of inline filtration on the potency of drugs administered intravenously. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1977; 34
      ReferencesStiles ML, Allen LV Jr. Retention of drugs during inline filtration of parenteral solutions. Infusion. 1979; 3
      Sorption Leaching
      Dexamethasone sodium phosphate has been shown not to undergo sorption to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic bags and PVC administration tubing, polyethylene tubing, Silastic tubing, cellulose propionate burettes, and polypropylene or polypropylene/polyethylene plastic syringes. In addition, Xu et al. reported no sorption occurred to a polyurethane central catheter from Arrow International as well as no leaching of the chlorhexidine antimicrobial in it.
      ReferencesChin A, Suk Y, Moon K, et al. Stability of granisetron hydrochloride with dexamethasone sodium phosphate for 14 days. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1996; 53
      ReferencesGupta VD. Chemical stability of dexamethasone sodium phosphate after reconstitution in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and storage in polypropylene syringes. Int J Pharmaceut Compound. 2002; 6
      ReferencesHagan RL, Mallett MS, Fox JL. Stability of ondansetron hydrochloride and dexamethasone sodium phosphate in infusion bags and syringes for 32 days. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1996; 53
      ReferencesKowaluk EA, Roberts MA, Blackburn HD, et al. Interactions between drugs and polyvinyl chloride infusion bags. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981; 38
      ReferencesKowaluk EA, Roberts MS, Polack AE. Interactions between drugs and intravenous delivery systems. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1982; 39
      ReferencesLau DWC, Law S, Walker SE, et al. Dexamethasone phosphate stability and contamination of solutions stored in syringes. PDA J Pharm Sci Tech. 1996; 50
      ReferencesXu QA, Zhang Y, Trissel LA, et al. Adequacy of a new chlorhexidine-bearing polyurethane central catheter for administration of 82 selected parenteral drugs. Ann Pharmacother. 2000; 34
      Other Information
      Dolasetron: Walker et al. reported that the pH-dependency of dolasetron solubility (See pH Effects) is most likely responsible for the variable amounts and time frames of precipitate formation that may occur when dolasetron mesylate and dexamethasone sodium phosphate are admixed or given by simultaneous Y-site administration. Multiple Drugs: Study 1: Targett et al. reported the physical and chemical stability of 5-drug combinations at 2 concentrations that included the drugs noted below. The mixture was packaged in Terumo polypropylene syringes with tip caps and stored at room temperature and under refrigeration. The mixtures were physically stable over 2 weeks. HPLC analysis found midazolam was stable for 14 days under refrigeration but was stable at room temperature for only 12 days at the higher concentration and 5 days at the lower concentration exhibiting more than 10% loss after those times. The other drugs were all stable throughout the 14-day study period at both storage temperatures. Concentration 1- Morphine tartrate 400 mg Dexamethasone sodium phosphate 8 mg Droperidol 2 mg Scopolamine hydrobromide 20 mg Midazolam HCl 5 mg Concentration 2- Morphine tartrate 40 mg Dexamethasone sodium phosphate 8 mg Droperidol 2 mg Scopolamine hydrobromide 20 mg Midazolam HCl 5 mg Sodium chloride 0.9% qs 10 mL Study 2: Negro et al. evaluated the compatibility of morphine hydrochloride (Grunenthal) and also tramadol hydrochloride (Andromaco) in 3-, 4-, and 5-drug combinations with five other drugs, including dexamethasone sodium phosphate, diluted in sodium chloride 0.9% in elastomeric pump reservoirs for subcutaneous infusion for palliative care in cancer patients when stored at room temperature of 25 degree C and protected from exposure to light. Morphine hydrochloride 1.68 mg/mL or Tramadol hydrochloride 11.18 mg/mL was tested with dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Merck) 0.44 mg/mL, haloperidol lactate (Esteve) 0.21 mg/mL, hyoscine butylbromide (Boehringer-Ingelheim) 1.68 mg/mL, metoclopramide hydrochloride 1.11 mg/mL, and midazolam hydrochloride (Roche) 0.5 mg/mL. Morphine hydrochloride 5 mg/mL or Tramadol hydrochloride 33.3 mg/mL was tested with dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Merck) 1.33 mg/mL, haloperidol lactate (Esteve) 0.62 mg/mL, hyoscine butylbromide (Boehringer-Ingelheim) 5 mg/mL, metoclopramide hydrochloride 3.33 mg/mL, midazolam hydrochloride (Roche) 1.5 mg/mL. All 3-, 4-, and 5-drug combinations that contained dexamethasone sodium phosphate with midazolam hydrochloride and/or haloperidol lactate resulted in precipitation immediately upon preparation. The precipitation was most likely free dexamethasone that formed due to the lower pH of the admixtures containing haloperidol lactate and/or midazolam hydrochloride. All 3-, 4-, and 5-drug combinations without dexamethasone sodium phosphate and midazolam hydrochloride and/or haloperidol lactate remained compatible for 7 days.
      ReferencesTargett PL, Keefe PA, Merridew CG. Compatibility and stability of drug adjuvants and morphine tartrate in 10 mL polypropylene syringes. Austral J Hosp Pharm. 1997; 27
      ReferencesWalker SE, Dip SL. Stability and compatibility of combinations of dolasetron and dexamethasone. Can J Hosp Pharm. 1998; 51
      Stability Max
      Maximum reported stability periods: In D5W- 14 days at room temperature. In NS- 22 days at room temperature.
      ReferencesChin A, Suk Y, Moon K, et al. Stability of granisetron hydrochloride with dexamethasone sodium phosphate for 14 days. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1996; 53
      ReferencesGupta VD. Chemical stability of dexamethasone sodium phosphate after reconstitution in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and storage in polypropylene syringes. Int J Pharmaceut Compound. 2002; 6
      Revision Date: 10/04/2024, 03:38:00 AMCopyright 2004-2024 by Lawrence A. Trissel. All Rights Reserved.

      References

      41921 - Ozurdex (dexamethasone intravitreal implant) package insert. Madison, NJ: Allergan USA, Inc.; 2022 Dec.48640 - Dexycu (dexamethasone intraocular suspension) package insert. Watertown, MA: EyePoint Pharmaceuticals US, Inc.; 2020 Jun.54348 - Dexamethasone sodium phosphate ophthalmic solution package insert. Bridgewater, NJ: Bausch and Lomb Inc.; 2016 June.60760 - Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection package insert. E. Windsor, NJ: Eugia US LLC; 2024 Feb.60761 - Dexamethasone tablets, oral solution, and Intensol (oral solution concentrate) package insert. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.; 2024 Feb.61633 - Maxidex (dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension 0.1%) package insert. East Hanover, NJ; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. 2021 Dec.63796 - Dextenza (dexamethasone ophthalmic insert) package insert. Bedford, MA: Ocular Therapeutix, Inc.; 2021 Oct.

      Adverse Reactions

      Moderate

      • adrenocortical insufficiency
      • amnesia
      • angina
      • blurred vision
      • candidiasis
      • cataracts
      • conjunctival hyperemia
      • conjunctivitis
      • corneal edema
      • Cushing's syndrome
      • delirium
      • depression
      • diabetes mellitus
      • edema
      • EEG changes
      • elevated hepatic enzymes
      • erythema
      • esophagitis
      • euphoria
      • exophthalmos
      • fluid retention
      • gastritis
      • glycosuria
      • growth inhibition
      • hallucinations
      • hepatomegaly
      • hypercholesterolemia
      • hyperemia
      • hyperglycemia
      • hypernatremia
      • hypertension
      • hypocalcemia
      • hypokalemia
      • hypotension
      • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppression
      • immunosuppression
      • impaired cognition
      • impaired wound healing
      • iritis
      • mania
      • memory impairment
      • meningitis
      • metabolic alkalosis
      • myasthenia
      • myopathy
      • neuritis
      • ocular infection
      • ocular inflammation
      • osteopenia
      • osteoporosis
      • palpitations
      • paresis
      • peripheral neuropathy
      • phlebitis
      • photophobia
      • physiological dependence
      • pseudotumor cerebri
      • psychosis
      • sinus tachycardia
      • skin ulcer
      • sodium retention
      • withdrawal

      Severe

      • anaphylactoid reactions
      • angioedema
      • arachnoiditis
      • arrhythmia exacerbation
      • avascular necrosis
      • bone fractures
      • bradycardia
      • cardiac arrest
      • cardiomyopathy
      • corneal erosion
      • endophthalmitis
      • esophageal ulceration
      • exfoliative dermatitis
      • GI bleeding
      • GI perforation
      • heart failure
      • increased intracranial pressure
      • keratitis
      • keratoconjunctivitis
      • macular edema
      • myocardial infarction
      • ocular hemorrhage
      • ocular hypertension
      • optic neuritis
      • pancreatitis
      • papilledema
      • peptic ulcer
      • pulmonary edema
      • retinal detachment
      • retinopathy
      • seizures
      • skin atrophy
      • stroke
      • tendon rupture
      • thromboembolism
      • thrombosis
      • vasculitis
      • visual impairment

      Mild

      • abdominal pain
      • acne vulgaris
      • acneiform rash
      • alopecia
      • anxiety
      • appetite stimulation
      • arthralgia
      • arthropathy
      • dizziness
      • ecchymosis
      • emotional lability
      • fever
      • foreign body sensation
      • headache
      • hiccups
      • hirsutism
      • hyperhidrosis
      • hypertrichosis
      • infection
      • injection site reaction
      • insomnia
      • irritability
      • lacrimation
      • lethargy
      • leukocytosis
      • malaise
      • menstrual irregularity
      • myalgia
      • mydriasis
      • nausea
      • ocular discharge
      • ocular hypotonia
      • ocular irritation
      • ocular pain
      • ocular pruritus
      • paresthesias
      • perineal pain
      • petechiae
      • pruritus
      • ptosis
      • purpura
      • rash
      • restlessness
      • skin hyperpigmentation
      • skin hypopigmentation
      • striae
      • syncope
      • telangiectasia
      • urticaria
      • vertigo
      • vomiting
      • weakness
      • weight gain
      • xerophthalmia
      • xerosis

      Pharmacologic doses of systemic corticosteroids (e.g. dexamethasone) administered for prolonged periods can result in physiological dependence due to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppression. Exogenously administered corticosteroids exert a negative feedback effect on the pituitary, inhibiting the secretion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). This results in a decrease in ACTH-mediated synthesis of endogenous corticosteroids and androgens by the adrenal cortex. The severity of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency varies among individuals and is dependent on the dose, frequency, time of administration, and duration of therapy. Systemic administration of the drug on alternate days may help to alleviate this adverse effect. Patients with HPA suppression will require increased doses of corticosteroid therapy during periods of physiologic stress. Acute adrenal insufficiency and even death can occur with abrupt discontinuation of therapy. Discontinuation of prolonged oral corticosteroid therapy should be gradual since HPA suppression can last for up to 12 months following cessation of therapy. Patients may continue to need supplemental corticosteroid treatment during periods of physiologic stress or infectious conditions, even after the drug has been discontinued. A withdrawal syndrome unrelated to adrenocortical insufficiency can occur following sudden discontinuance of corticosteroid therapy. This syndrome includes symptoms such as appetite loss, malaise, lethargy, nauseousness, head pain/ache, joint pain, muscle pain, fever, exfoliative dermatitis, loss of weight, and hypotension. These effects are believed to be due to the sudden change in corticosteroid concentration rather than to low corticosteroid levels. Increased intracranial pressure with papilledema (i.e., pseudotumor cerebri) has also been reported with glucocorticoids usually after treatment withdrawal.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Prolonged systemic dexamethasone therapy can adversely affect the endocrine system, resulting in hypercorticism (Cushing's syndrome including fat abnormalities such as buffalo hump and moon face), hypertrichosis or hirsutism, menstrual irregularity, or a decrease in carbohydrate or glucose tolerance.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Systemic corticosteroids are a common cause of drug-induced hyperglycemia. In the hospital setting, there is evidence that more than 50% of the patients receiving high-dose systemic steroids develop hyperglycemia, with many more having at least 1 episode of hyperglycemia or a mean blood glucose of 140 mg/dL or greater. Long-term use produces metabolic and endocrine effects that include insulin resistance that may lead to new diagnoses of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients without a history of hyperglycemia or DM prior to corticosteroid use. Glucosuria (glycosuria) and aggravation of existing DM may also occur.[68700] [60760] [60761] [64165]

      Endogenous glucocorticoids are responsible for protein metabolism; prolonged therapy with pharmaceutical glucocorticoids like dexamethasone can result in various musculoskeletal and joint manifestations, including myopathy (myalgia, muscle wasting, muscle weakness or myasthenia, and quadriplegia), arthralgia, tendon rupture, bone matrix atrophy (osteoporosis and osteopenia), bone fractures such as vertebral compression fractures or fractures of long bones, and avascular necrosis of femoral or humeral heads. These effects are more likely to occur in older or debilitated patients. Of note, abrupt cessation of corticosteroids can cause arthralgia and myalgia. Glucocorticoids interact with calcium metabolism at many sites, including: decreasing the synthesis by osteoblasts of the principal proteins of bone matrix, malabsorption of calcium in both the nephron and the gut, and reduction of sex hormone concentrations. Although all of these actions probably contribute to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, the actions on osteoblasts are most important. Glucocorticoids do not modify vitamin D metabolism. Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids can cause Charcot-like arthropathy and post-injection flare. Atrophy at the site of injection has been reported following administration of soluble glucocorticoids.[24837] [60760] [60761] [64165] Because of retardation of bone growth, children receiving prolonged systemic corticosteroid therapy, like dexamethasone, may have growth inhibition. Growth inhibition has been observed in the absence of laboratory evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppression, suggesting that growth velocity is a more sensitive indicator of systemic corticosteroid exposure in pediatric patients.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Adverse gastrointestinal (GI) effects associated with systemic corticosteroid (e.g., dexamethasone) administration include nausea and vomiting. Abdominal pain or distention, appetite stimulation, weight gain, pancreatitis, gastritis, hiccups, peptic ulcer with possible GI perforation and GI bleeding, perforation of the small and large bowel (particularly in patients with inflammatory bowel disease), and esophageal ulceration (ulcerative esophagitis) have also been reported.[60760] [60761] [64165] Although it was once believed that corticosteroids contributed to the development of peptic ulcer disease, in a review of 93 studies of corticosteroid use, the incidence of peptic ulcer disease was not found to be higher in steroid recipients compared to control groups. While most of these studies did not utilize endoscopy, it is unlikely that corticosteroids contribute to the development of peptic ulcer disease.[24362]

      Corticosteroid therapy including dexamethasone can mask the symptoms of infection and should generally be avoided during an acute viral, fungal, or bacterial infection. Leukocytosis is a common physiologic effect of systemic corticosteroid therapy and may need to be differentiated from the leukocytosis that occurs with inflammatory or infectious processes.[30943] [65096] [65097] Immunosuppression from corticosteroids is most likely to occur in patients receiving high-dose (e.g., equivalent to 1 mg/kg or more of prednisone daily), systemic corticosteroid therapy for any period of time, particularly in conjunction with corticosteroid-sparing drugs (e.g., troleandomycin) and/or concomitant immunosuppressant agents; however, patients receiving moderate dosages of systemic corticosteroids for short periods or low dosages for prolonged periods may also be at risk. Corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression may result in the activation of latent viral (e.g., herpes) or bacterial (e.g., tuberculosis) infections and should not be used in patients with an active infection except when appropriate anti-infective therapy is instituted concomitantly. Patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids should be advised to avoid exposure to measles or varicella (chickenpox) and, if exposed to these diseases, to seek medical advice immediately. Monitoring systemic corticosteroid recipients for signs of opportunistic fungal infection is recommended, as cases of oropharyngeal candidiasis have been reported. Development of Kaposi's sarcoma has also been associated with prolonged administration of corticosteroids; discontinuation of the corticosteroid may result in clinical improvement.[60760] [60761] [64165] Bronchitis was noted in 5% of dexamethasone ophthalmic implant recipients during clinical trials and at an incidence higher than with placebo; secondary ophthalmic infection or exacerbation of infection has also been reported with other ophthalmic and intraocular dosage forms.[41921] [48640] [54348]

      Various adverse dermatologic effects reported during systemic corticosteroid therapy include skin atrophy (thin fragile skin), increased sweating (hyperhidrosis), acne vulgaris, striae, acneiform rash, alopecia, xerosis, perineal pain and irritation, purpura, rash (unspecified), telangiectasia, facial erythema, petechiae, ecchymosis or easy bruising, and suppression of reactions to skin tests. An increased susceptibility to skin ulcer may occur in patients with impaired circulation. Hypersensitivity reactions may manifest as allergic dermatitis, urticaria, anaphylactoid reactions, and/or angioedema. Burning or tingling in the perineal area may occur following IV injection of corticosteroids. Parenteral corticosteroid therapy has also produced skin hypopigmentation, skin hyperpigmentation, scarring, and other types of injection site reaction (e.g., induration, delayed pain or soreness, subcutaneous and cutaneous atrophy, and sterile abscesses).[60760] [60761] [64165]

      In general, systemic corticosteroids like dexamethasone can lead to impaired wound healing.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Prolonged administration of systemic dexamethasone can result in edema and fluid retention due to sodium retention; electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia); and hypertension.[60760] [60761] [64165] In a review of 93 studies of corticosteroid use, hypertension was found to develop 4 times as often in steroid recipients compared to control groups.[24362] In another study, an increased risk of heart failure was observed for medium-dose glucocorticoid use as compared with nonuse. At the beginning of the study, patients were at least 40 years of age and had not been hospitalized for cardiovascular disease. Medium exposure was defined as less than 7.5 mg daily of prednisolone or the equivalent given orally, rectally, or parenterally.[30697] Increased blood pressure was noted in 13% of dexamethasone ophthalmic insert recipients for one of the products during clinical trials.[41921]

      Adverse neurologic effects have been reported during prolonged systemic dexamethasone administration and include insomnia, vertigo or dizziness, restlessness, amnesia and memory impairment, increased motor activity, impaired cognition, paresthesias, ischemic peripheral neuropathy, seizures, neuritis, and EEG changes. Mental disturbances, including depression, anxiety, euphoria, personality changes, emotional lability, delirium, dementia, hallucinations, irritability, mania, mood swings, schizophrenic reactions, withdrawn behavior, and psychosis have also been reported; emotional lability and psychotic problems can be exacerbated by corticosteroid therapy. Headache may be a sign of elevated intracranial pressure.[60760] [60761] [64165] Arachnoiditis, meningitis, paresis, paraplegia, and sensory disturbances have occurred after intrathecal administration. Serious neurologic events, some resulting in death, have been reported with epidural injection of corticosteroids. Specific events reported include, but are not limited to, spinal cord infarction, paraplegia, quadriplegia, cortical blindness, and stroke.[60760] Headache was noted in 1% to 4% of dexamethasone ophthalmic insert/implant recipients during clinical trials, at incidences higher than with placebo.[41921] [63796]

      Dexamethasone can cause increased intraocular pressure or ocular hypertension, the magnitude of which depends on the formulation used, indication for use, and the frequency and duration of dosing. Ocular hypertension can occur after 1 to 6 weeks of topical ophthalmic therapy, and it is usually reversible upon discontinuance of the drug. Use of the intravitreal implant has resulted in ocular hypertension (glaucoma) in 5% of patients in clinical trials and increased ocular pressure (IOP) occurred in 25% to 35% of patients receiving the intravitreal implant. In retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and uveitis trials, IOP peaked at 60 days, returning to baseline by day 180. During the initial treatment period with the intravitreal implant for RVO and uveitis, 1% of patients required laser or surgical procedures to manage elevated IOP. In a 2-year observational study with the intravitreal implant, among patients who received more than 2 injections, increased IOP was reported in 24% (n = 68) patients. Frequently check IOP during receipt of ophthalmic preparations of dexamethasone. In diseases that cause thinning of the cornea or sclera, topical ocular steroids have been known to cause perforation. Intravitreal injections have also been associated with endophthalmitis, ocular inflammation, and retinal detachment. In clinical trials, the use of the intravitreal implant has resulted in ocular hemorrhage (conjunctival hemorrhage) (22% to 23%), ocular pain (8%), conjunctival hyperemia (7%), conjunctivitis (6%), vitreous floaters (5%), conjunctival edema (5%), xerophthalmia (5%), vitreous opacities (3%), retinal aneurysm (3%), foreign body sensation (2%), corneal erosion (2%), keratitis (2%), anterior chamber inflammation (2%), retinal tear (2%), eyelid ptosis (2%), vitreous hemorrhage (ocular hemorrhage, 6%), and vitreous detachment (2% to 4%). Postmarketing, complication of device insertion resulting in ocular tissue injury including sclera, subconjunctiva, lens and retina (implant misplacement), device dislocation with or without corneal edema, and ocular hypotonia (associated with vitreous leakage due to injection) were noted. Patients with an absent or torn posterior capsule of the lens are at increased risk of migration of the intravitreal implant into the anterior chamber.[41921] The most common ocular adverse reactions that occurred in patients treated with dexamethasone ophthalmic insert for ocular inflammation and pain following ophthalmic surgery were: anterior chamber inflammation including iritis and iridocyclitis (10%), increased intraocular pressure (6%), reduced visual acuity (2%), ocular pain (1%), cystoid macular edema (1%), corneal edema (1%), and conjunctival hyperemia (1%). The most common ocular adverse reactions that occurred in patients treated with dexamethasone ophthalmic insert for itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis were: increased intraocular pressure (3%), increased lacrimation (1%), ocular discharge (1%), and reduced visual acuity (1%).[63796] Ocular irritation including transient stinging, burning, or tearing and keratoconjunctivitis may occur during use of ophthalmic dexamethasone. Allergic reactions have also been reported; ocular pruritus can occur. Ocular discomfort (10%) and eye irritation (1%) were the most frequently reported adverse reactions in clinical studies with dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension. All other adverse reactions from these studies occurred with a frequency less than 1% including keratitis, conjunctivitis, dry eye (xerophthalmia), photophobia, blurred vision, ocular pruritus, foreign body sensation, increased lacrimation, abnormal ocular sensation, eyelid margin crusting, and ocular hyperemia. Postmarketing adverse reactions with dexamethasone topical ophthalmic suspension use include corneal erosion, dizziness, ocular pain, eyelid ptosis, headache, hypersensitivity reactions, and mydriasis.[61633] In patients receiving dexamethasone intraocular suspension for injection, the most common adverse reactions occurring in 5% to 15% of patients included intraocular pressure or ocular hypertension, corneal edema and iritis. Other ocular adverse reactions occurring in 1% to 5% of patients included corneal endothelial cell loss, blepharitis, ocular pain, cystoid macular edema, xerophthalmia, ocular inflammation, posterior capsule opacification, blurred vision, reduced visual acuity, vitreous floaters, foreign body sensation, photophobia, and vitreous detachment.[48640] Prolonged use of dexamethasone therapy by any route can result in ocular nerve damage including optic neuritis and visual defects. Temporary or permanent visual impairment, including blurred vision and blindness, has been reported with glucocorticoid administration by several routes of administration including intranasal and ophthalmic administration. Other ocular adverse reactions resulting from systemic corticosteroid therapy can include corneal perforation, exophthalmos, slowing of corneal wound healing, increased intraocular pressure, glaucoma with possible damage to the optic nerves, blurred vision, or retinopathy.[60760] [60761] [64165] Consider referring patients who develop ocular symptoms or use systemic corticosteroid-containing products for more than 6 weeks to an ophthalmologist for evaluation.[41921] [48640] [60760] [60761] [61633] [64165] Dexamethasone (by any route) can reduce host resistance to infection. Secondary fungal and viral infections of the eye (ocular infection) can be masked or exacerbated by corticosteroid therapy. Investigate the possibility of fungal infection if patients have persistent corneal ulceration. Prolonged use of dexamethasone therapy by any route has resulted in posterior subcapsular cataracts.[48640] [60760] [60761] [64165] The mechanism of corticosteroid-induced cataract formation is uncertain but may involve disruption of sodium-potassium pumps in the lens epithelium leading to accumulation of water in lens fibers and agglutination of lens proteins.[24813] The incidence of cataracts with initial use of the intravitreal implant in clinical trials of patients with RVO or uveitis was 5% within the first 6 months; however, the overall incidence after a second intravitreal implant injection was higher after 1 year. In diabetic macular edema (DME) trials, the incidence of cataract development in patients who had a phakic study eye was higher in the dexamethasone group (68%) compared with sham (21%). Among these patients, 61% of dexamethasone subjects vs. 8% of sham-controlled subjects underwent cataract surgery. In a 2-year observational study, among patients who received more than 2 injections, the most frequent adverse reaction was cataract 54% (n = 96 out of 178 phakic eyes at baseline).[41921]

      Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fat embolism, palpitations, sinus tachycardia, bradycardia, syncope, vasculitis, necrotizing angiitis, thrombosis, thromboembolism, and phlebitis, specifically, thrombophlebitis, have been associated with systemic corticosteroid therapy such as dexamethasone. Systemic glucocorticoid use appears to increase the risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, left ventricular rupture (in persons who recently experienced a myocardial infarction), angina, angioplasty, coronary revascularization, stroke, transient ischemic attack, cardiomegaly, arrhythmia exacerbation and ECG changes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (in premature infants), congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest or cardiovascular death.[60760] [60761] [64165] As determined from observational data, the rate of cardiovascular events was 17 per 1,000 person-years among 82,202 non-users of glucocorticoids. In contrast, the rate was 23.9 per 1,000 person-years among 68,781 glucocorticoid users. Furthermore, the rate of cardiovascular events was 76.5 per 1,000 person-years for high exposure patients. After adjustment for known covariates by multivariate analysis, high-dose glucocorticoid use was associated with a 2.56-fold increased risk of cardiovascular events as compared with nonuse. At the beginning of the study, patients were at least 40 years of age and had not been hospitalized for cardiovascular disease. High glucocorticoid exposure was defined as at least 7.5 mg daily of prednisolone (or equivalent) given orally, rectally, or parenterally whereas medium exposure was defined as less than the above dosage by any of the 3 routes. Low-dose exposure was defined as inhaled, topical, or nasal usage only.[30697]

      Cases of elevated hepatic enzymes (usually reversible upon discontinuation) and hepatomegaly have been associated with corticosteroid receipt such as dexamethasone.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Revision Date: 10/04/2024, 03:38:00 AM

      References

      24362 - Conn HO, Poynard T. Corticosteroids and peptic ulcer: meta-analysis of adverse events during steroid therapy. J Intern Med 1994;236:619-32.24813 - Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Leeder SR, et al. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of cataracts. N Engl J Med 1997;337:8-14.24837 - Reid IR. Preventing glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:420-1.30697 - Wei L, MacDonald TM, Walker BR. Taking glucocorticoids by prescription is associated with subsequent cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:764-70.30943 - Schimmer B, Parker K. Adrenocorticotropic hormone; adrenocortical steroids and their synthetic analogs; inhibitors of the synthesis and actions of adrenocortical hormones. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, et al., eds. Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th edition. New York: McGraw Hill, 2001;1649-1674.41921 - Ozurdex (dexamethasone intravitreal implant) package insert. Madison, NJ: Allergan USA, Inc.; 2022 Dec.48640 - Dexycu (dexamethasone intraocular suspension) package insert. Watertown, MA: EyePoint Pharmaceuticals US, Inc.; 2020 Jun.54348 - Dexamethasone sodium phosphate ophthalmic solution package insert. Bridgewater, NJ: Bausch and Lomb Inc.; 2016 June.60760 - Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection package insert. E. Windsor, NJ: Eugia US LLC; 2024 Feb.60761 - Dexamethasone tablets, oral solution, and Intensol (oral solution concentrate) package insert. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.; 2024 Feb.61633 - Maxidex (dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension 0.1%) package insert. East Hanover, NJ; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. 2021 Dec.63796 - Dextenza (dexamethasone ophthalmic insert) package insert. Bedford, MA: Ocular Therapeutix, Inc.; 2021 Oct.64165 - Dexamethasone (Hexadrol) tablets package insert. Grand Bay, Mauritus: Aspen Global Inc.; 2024 June65096 - Abramson N, Melton B. Leukocytosis: basic of clinical assessment. Am Fam Physician 2000;62:2053-60.65097 - Shoenfeld Y, Gurewich Y, Gallant LA, et al. Prednisone-induced leukocytosis. Influenced of dosage, method and duration of administration on the degree of leukocytosis. Am J Med 1981;71:773-8.68700 - Tamez-Perez HE, Quintanilla-Flores DL, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, et al. Steroid hyperglycemia: Prevalence, early detection and therapeutic recommendations: A narrative review. World J Diabetes. 2015;6:1073-1081.

      Contraindications/Precautions

      Absolute contraindications are italicized.

      • fungal infection
      • glaucoma
      • herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis
      • rupture of posterior ocular lens capsule
      • tympanic membrane perforation
      • abrupt discontinuation
      • adrenal insufficiency
      • amebiasis
      • behavioral changes
      • benzyl alcohol hypersensitivity
      • breast-feeding
      • cataracts
      • cerebral malaria
      • corneal abrasion
      • corticosteroid hypersensitivity
      • Cushing's syndrome
      • depression
      • diabetes mellitus
      • diverticulitis
      • epidural administration
      • geriatric
      • GI perforation
      • growth inhibition
      • head trauma
      • heart failure
      • helminth infection
      • hepatic disease
      • hepatitis B exacerbation
      • herpes infection
      • hypertension
      • hyperthyroidism
      • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppression
      • hypothyroidism
      • immunosuppression
      • impaired wound healing
      • increased intracranial pressure
      • increased intraocular pressure
      • infection
      • Kaposi's sarcoma
      • measles
      • myasthenia gravis
      • mycobacterial infection
      • myocardial infarction
      • myopia
      • neonates
      • neurologic events
      • neuromuscular disease
      • ocular infection
      • optic neuritis
      • osteopenia
      • osteoporosis
      • peptic ulcer disease
      • pregnancy
      • premature neonates
      • psychosis
      • renal disease
      • suicidal ideation
      • sulfite hypersensitivity
      • surgery
      • thyroid disease
      • tuberculosis
      • ulcerative colitis
      • vaccination
      • varicella

      The safety and effectiveness of epidural administration of corticosteroids have not been established, and corticosteroids are not approved for this use. Reports of serious medical and neurologic events, including death, have been associated with epidural routes of corticosteroid administration.[60760] Rare, but serious adverse reactions, including cortical blindness, stroke, spinal cord infarction, paralysis, seizures, nerve injury, brain edema, and death have been associated with epidural administration of injectable corticosteroids. These events have been reported with and without the use of fluoroscopy. Many cases were temporally associated with the corticosteroid injection; reactions occurred within minutes to 48 hours after injection. Some cases of neurologic events were confirmed through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan. Many patients did not recover from the reported adverse effects. Discuss the benefits and risks of epidural corticosteroid injections with the patient before treatment. If a decision is made to proceed with corticosteroid epidural administration, counsel patients to seek emergency medical attention if they experience symptoms after an injection such as vision changes, tingling in the arms or legs, dizziness, severe headache, seizures, or sudden weakness or numbness of face, arm, or leg.[57052] [57053] Dexycu injection is for intraocular use only and should not be administered by any other routes.[48640]

      Dexamethasone is contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to dexamethasone or any of components of the product selected for use.[60760] [48640] [60761] [41921] [61633] [63796] [54348] True corticosteroid hypersensitivity is rare. It is possible, though also rare, that such patients will display cross-hypersensitivity to other corticosteroids. It is advisable that patients who have a hypersensitivity reaction to any corticosteroid undergo skin testing, which, although not a conclusive predictor, may help to determine if hypersensitivity to another corticosteroid exists. Such patients should be carefully monitored during and following the administration of any corticosteroid.[27616] [27642]

      Prolonged administration of pharmacological doses of systemic, nasal, inhaled or topical corticosteroids (resulting in systemic absorption) may result in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppression and/or manifestations of Cushing's syndrome in some patients. Adrenal suppression and increased intracranial pressure have been reported with the use and/or withdrawal of various corticosteroid formulations in pediatric patients.[60760] [51792] Acute adrenal insufficiency and even death may occur following abrupt discontinuation of systemic therapy. In addition, a withdrawal syndrome unrelated to adrenocortical insufficiency may occur following sudden discontinuation of corticosteroid therapy.[60760] [60761] [64165] These effects are thought to be due to the sudden change in glucocorticoid concentration rather than to low corticosteroid concentrations. Withdraw prolonged systemic corticosteroid therapy (duration of treatment of more than 2 weeks) gradually. HPA suppression can last for up to 12 months following cessation of systemic therapy. Recovery of HPA axis function is generally prompt and complete upon discontinuation of the topical corticosteroid. HPA-suppressed patients may need supplemental corticosteroid treatment during periods of physiologic stress, such as post-surgical stress, acute blood loss, or infectious conditions, even after the corticosteroid has been discontinued. Encourage patients currently receiving chronic corticosteroid therapy or who have had corticosteroids discontinued within the last 12 months to carry identification advising the need for administration of corticosteroids in situations of increased stress.[54138] [54286] [64165] [60760] [60761]

      Potential adverse effects of chronic corticosteroid therapy should be weighed against the clinical benefits obtained and the availability of other treatment alternatives. Prolonged systemic corticosteroid therapy can lead to osteopenia, osteoporosis, vertebral compression fractures, aseptic necrosis of femoral and humeral heads, and pathologic fractures of long bones secondary to decreased bone formation, increased bone resorption, and protein catabolism in any patient.[60760] [60761] [64165] A high-protein diet may alleviate or prevent the adverse effects associated with protein catabolism. The elderly, post-menopausal, and pediatric patients may be more susceptible to the effects on bone. Chronic systemic dexamethasone therapy may cause growth inhibition in pediatric patients due to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression and inhibition of bone growth. Corticosteroids should be titrated to the lowest effective dose. Because bone development is critical in pediatric patients, monitoring is warranted in patients receiving high-dose or chronic corticosteroid treatment. Use of the lowest effective dose is recommended to minimize the occurrence of systemic adverse effects. Monitor growth routinely.[51792] [60760] [60761] [64165]

      If surgery is required, patients should advise their physician that they received prolonged systemic corticosteroid therapy, such as dexamethasone, within the last 12 months and state the disease for which they were being treated. For systemic therapy, identification cards that include disease state, type and dose of corticosteroid, and physician should always be carried with the patient. Long-acting dexamethasone injection preparations, which are no longer marketed in the U.S., are not suitable for use in acute stress situations. To avoid drug-induced adrenal insufficiency, a supportive corticosteroid dosage may be required in times of stress (such as trauma, surgery, or severe illness) both during treatment with these injections and for a year afterward.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Systemic corticosteroids, including dexamethasone, may cause immunosuppression and increase the risk of infection with any pathogen, including viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoan, or helminthic pathogens. Corticosteroids can: 1) Reduce resistance to new infections, 2) Exacerbate existing infections, 3) Increase the risk of disseminated infections, 4) Increase the risk of reactivation or exacerbation of latent infections 5) Mask some signs of infection. Corticosteroid-associated infections can be mild but can be severe and at times fatal. The rate of infectious complications increases with increasing corticosteroid dosages. Monitor for the development of infection and consider corticosteroid withdrawal or dosage reduction as needed. Do not administer dexamethasone injection by an intraarticular, intrabursal, or intratendinous route in the presence of acute local infection. If dexamethasone is used to treat a condition in patients with latent tuberculosis (TB) or tuberculin reactivity, reactivation of TB may occur. Closely monitor such patients for TB reactivation. During prolonged dexamethasone therapy, patients with latent TB or tuberculin reactivity should receive chemoprophylaxis. Viral infection, such as varicella zoster (chickenpox or shingles) and measles can have a serious or even fatal course in non-immune patients taking corticosteroids; other herpes infection (herpes simplex) may also disseminate in immunosuppressed individuals. Corticosteroids should be used with caution, if at all, in patients with ocular herpes simplex. Corticosteroids should be used with caution, if at all, in patients with ocular herpes simplex. In corticosteroid-treated patients who have not had these diseases or are nonimmune, avoid exposure of these people to these viral infections. If a corticosteroid-treated patient is exposed to varicella, prophylaxis with varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG) may be indicated. If varicella develops, consider treatment with antiviral. If a corticosteroid-treated patient is exposed to measles, prophylaxis with immunoglobulin (IG) may be indicated. Hepatitis B exacerbation/reactivation can occur in patients who are hepatitis B virus carriers treated with immunosuppressive dosages of corticosteroids, including dexamethasone. Reactivation can also occur infrequently in corticosteroid-treated people who appear to have resolved hepatitis B infection. Screen patients for hepatitis B infection before initiating immunosuppressive (e.g., prolonged) treatment with systemic corticosteroids. For individuals who show evidence of hepatitis B infection, consult providers with expertise in managing hepatitis B regarding monitoring and consideration for hepatitis B antiviral therapy. Systemic dexamethasone use is contraindicated in the presence of a systemic fungal infection. Corticosteroids, including dexamethasone, may exacerbate systemic fungal infections; therefore, avoid corticosteroid use in the presence of a fungal infection unless a corticosteroid is needed to control drug reactions. If a fungal infection develops during chronic corticosteroid therapy, corticosteroid withdrawal or dosage reduction is recommended. Corticosteroids, including dexamethasone, may activate latent amebiasis. Latent or active amebiasis should be ruled out before initiating dexamethasone in people who have spent time in the tropics or have unexplained diarrhea. Corticosteroids, including dexamethasone, should be used with great care in the presence of known or suspected Strongyloides (threadworm) helminth infection. Corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression may lead to Strongyloides hyperinfection and dissemination with widespread larval migration, often accompanied by severe enterocolitis and potentially fatal gram-negative septicemia. In selected patients from strongyloidiasis endemic areas who need systemic corticosteroids, consider administering prophylactic treatment. Also avoid corticosteroids, including dexamethasone, in people with cerebral malaria.[65868] [60760] [60761] [64165] The use of ophthalmic dexamethasone formulations is contraindicated in herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis, the acute infectious stages of vaccinia (smallpox), varicella, and many other viral ocular infection diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, mycobacterial infection of the eye, and fungal diseases of ocular or auricular structures.[48640] [41921] [63796] [49533] [54348]

      Do not use high doses of systemic corticosteroids such as dexamethasone for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. An increase in early mortality (at 2 weeks) and late mortality (at 6 months) was noted in patients with head trauma who were determined not to have other clear indications for corticosteroid treatment; in the trial, patients received methylprednisolone hemisuccinate.[60760]

      Corticosteroid therapy, including systemic dexamethasone therapy, has been associated with left ventricular free-wall rupture in patients with recent myocardial infarction, and should therefore be used cautiously in these patients. As sodium retention with resultant edema and potassium loss may occur in patients receiving systemic corticosteroids, these agents should be used with caution in patients with congestive heart failure, hypertension, or renal disease or insufficiency.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Systemic corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, may decrease glucose tolerance, produce hyperglycemia, and aggravate or precipitate diabetes mellitus. This may especially occur in patients predisposed to diabetes mellitus. When corticosteroid therapy is necessary for patients with diabetes mellitus, changes in insulin, oral antidiabetic agent dosage, and/or diet may be required.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of systemic corticosteroids, most often occurring in patients with neuromuscular disease disorders (e.g., myasthenia gravis), or in patients receiving concomitant therapy with neuromuscular blocking drugs. This acute myopathy is generalized, may involve ocular and respiratory muscles, and may result in quadriparesis. Elevation of creatinine kinase may occur. Clinical improvement or recovery after stopping corticosteroids may require weeks to years.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Systemic corticosteroid use may be associated with neuro-psychiatric effects ranging from euphoria, insomnia, mood swings, personality changes, and severe depression, to frank psychosis. Also, existing emotional instability or psychotic tendencies may be aggravated by corticosteroids. Inform patients or caregivers of the potential for mood and behavioral changes with systemic dexamethasone treatment and encourage them to seek medical attention if psychiatric symptoms develop, especially if depressed mood (depression) or suicidal ideation is suspected.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Metabolic clearance of corticosteroids is decreased in hypothyroidism and increased in hyperthyroidism. Changes in thyroid disease status of a patient may necessitate an adjustment in systemic dexamethasone dosage.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Systemic corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients with active or latent peptic ulcer disease, diverticulitis, fresh intestinal anastomoses, and nonspecific ulcerative colitis, since steroids may increase the risk of a gastrointestinal (GI) perforation. Signs of peritoneal irritation following GI perforation in patients receiving corticosteroids may be minimal or absent. Corticosteroids should not be used in patients where there is a possibility of impending GI perforation, abscess, or pyogenic infection. There is an enhanced effect due to decreased metabolism of systemic corticosteroids in patients with severe hepatic disease with cirrhosis.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Systemic corticosteroids, like dexamethasone, may cause impaired wound healing. Ophthalmic and ocular dosage forms may cause impairment of wound healing within or near the site of application.[60760] [60761] [64165] [48640] [41921] [63796] [49533] [54348]

      Prolonged use of systemic corticosteroids may produce posterior subcapsular cataracts, increased intraocular pressure or glaucoma with possible damage to the optic nerves, and may enhance the establishment of secondary ocular infection due to bacteria, fungi or viruses. The use of systemic corticosteroids is not recommended in the treatment of optic neuritis and may lead to an increase in the risk of new episodes.[60760] [60761] [64165] Ophthalmic dexamethasone should be used with caution in patients with corneal abrasion. Alos, ophthalmic dexamethasone is more likely than other ophthalmic agents to increase intraocular pressure, so intraocular pressure should be measured every 2 to 4 weeks for the first 2 months of therapy, and every 1 to 2 months thereafter. Ophthalmic dexamethasone therapy should be undertaken with caution in patients with a history of open-angle glaucoma, myopia, Krukenberg's spindle, or diabetes because these patients have an increased risk of developing ocular hypertension during therapy. The use of ophthalmic corticosteroids in phakic individuals may promote the development of posterior subcapsular cataracts.[54348] [61633] [41921] [48640] [63796]  The dexamethasone intravitreal implant is contraindicated in patients with glaucoma who have cup to disc ratio more than 0.8. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant is also contraindicated in patients who have a tear or a rupture of posterior ocular lens capsule; these patients with an absent or torn posterior capsule of the lens are at increased risk of migration of the intravitreal implant into the anterior chamber. Laser posterior capsulotomy in pseudophakic patients is not a contraindication for the dexamethasone intravitreal implant. Intravitreal injections have been associated with endophthalmitis, eye inflammation, increased intraocular pressure, and retinal detachments; regularly monitor the treated individual following the injection of the implant.[41921] The initial insertion and continuation of dexamethasone ophthalmic insert therapy should be made only after examination of the patient with the aid of magnification, such as slit lamp biomicroscopy, and, where appropriate, fluorescein staining. If signs and symptoms fail to improve after 2 days, re-evaluate the patient.[63796]

      Corticosteroid therapy usually does not contraindicate vaccination with live-virus vaccines when such therapy is of short-term (less than 2 weeks); low to moderate dose; long-term alternate-day treatment with short-acting preparations; maintenance physiologic doses (replacement therapy); ophthalmic administration, or by intra-articular, bursal or tendon injection. The immunosuppressive effects of steroid treatment differ, but many clinicians consider a dose equivalent to either 2 mg/kg/day or 20 mg/day of prednisone as sufficiently immunosuppressive to raise a concern about the safety of immunization with live-virus vaccines. In general, patients with severe immunosuppression due to large doses of corticosteroids should not receive vaccination with live-virus vaccines. When cancer chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy is being considered (e.g., for patients with Hodgkin's disease or organ transplantation), vaccination should precede the initiation of chemotherapy or immunotherapy by 2 or more weeks. Patients vaccinated while on immunosuppressive therapy or in the 2 weeks prior to starting therapy should be considered unimmunized and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after discontinuation of therapy. In patients who have received high-dose, systemic corticosteroids for 2 or more weeks, it is recommended to wait at least 3 months after discontinuation of therapy before administering a live-virus vaccine.[60760] [60761]

      There are no adequate, well-controlled studies for the use of dexamethasone in pregnant women; therefore, the manufacturers recommend that the drug be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk to the fetus. For COVID-19, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends use of the drug in pregnant patients, if indicated, as the potential benefit of decreased maternal mortality justifies the low risk of fetal adverse effects with the short course of therapy.[65314] Corticosteroids have been shown to be teratogenic in many species when given in systemic doses equivalent to the human dose. Animal studies in which corticosteroids have been given to pregnant mice, rats, and rabbits have yielded an increased incidence of cleft palate in the offspring.[60760] [60761] [64165] In addition, dexamethasone has been shown to be teratogenic in mice and rabbits following topical ophthalmic application in multiples of the therapeutic dose.[61633] Topical ocular administration of dexamethasone to pregnant mice and rabbits during organogenesis produced embryofetal lethality, cleft palate and multiple visceral malformations.[41921] [63796] Topical and otic corticosteroids should not be used in large amounts, on large areas, or for prolonged periods of time in pregnant women. Dexamethasone injections have been used medically later in pregnancy to induce fetal lung maturation in patients at risk for pre-term delivery; use is for select circumstances and for a limited duration of time.[33038] [33039] [33040] An infant who is born to a woman receiving large doses of systemic corticosteroids during pregnancy should be monitored for signs of adrenal insufficiency, and appropriate therapy should be initiated, if necessary.

      Systemic use of dexamethasone has not been studied during breast-feeding; corticosteroids appear in human milk and could suppress growth, interfere with endogenous corticosteroid production, or cause other untoward effects. Caution is warranted, and some manufacturers recommend discontinuing breast-feeding if systemic dexamethasone treatment is needed.[60760] [60761] [64165] However, experts generally consider inhaled corticosteroids and oral corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone and prednisolone), acceptable to use during breast-feeding.[33723] [33724] [31822] There is no information regarding dexamethasone effects on breastfed infants or milk production or its presence in human milk following placement of the intravitreal implant or intracanalicular insert to inform risk to an infant during lactation.[41921] [63796] However, the systemic concentration of dexamethasone following administration of the intracanalicular insert is low.[63796] It is not known whether topical ophthalmic administration of dexamethasone could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in breast milk.[61633] [49533] For COVID-19, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends dexamethasone be offered to lactating mothers who qualify for therapy without interruption of breast-feeding.[65314] Consider the benefits of breast-feeding, the risk of potential infant drug exposure, and the risk of an untreated or inadequately treated condition.

      The routine use of high-dose (greater than 0.5 mg/kg/day) dexamethasone for either the prevention or treatment of chronic lung disease in premature neonates is not recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) due to a lack of survival benefit and concern about long-term adverse outcomes, particularly increased rates of cerebral palsy. Studies utilizing lower doses of dexamethasone (less than 0.2 mg/kg/day) have not reported increased rates of adverse neurodevelopmental effects; however, due to the small number of patients included in these studies, the AAP states that there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of low-dose dexamethasone and further study is warranted.[54338] In a geographical cohort study of 148 extremely premature pediatric patients (born less than 28 weeks gestation), 55 (27%) received postnatal dexamethasone (mean cumulative dose 7.7 mg/kg) during the neonatal period. Patients receiving dexamethasone had smaller total brain tissue volume (mean difference -3.6%, p value = 0.04) and smaller white matter, thalami, and basal ganglia volumes (p is less than 0.05 for all) when compared with participants who did not receive postnatal dexamethasone. There was also a trend of smaller total brain and white matter volumes with an increased dose of postnatal dexamethasone.[56910] Avoid the use of dexamethasone injectable formulations containing benzyl alcohol in premature neonates and neonates. Administration of benzyl alcohol to neonates can result in 'gasping syndrome,' which is a potentially fatal condition characterized by metabolic acidosis and CNS, respiratory, circulatory, and renal dysfunction; it is also characterized by high concentrations of benzyl alcohol and its metabolites in the blood and urine. While the minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which toxicity may occur is not known, 'gasping syndrome' has been associated with daily benzyl alcohol exposure above 99 mg/kg/day in neonates and low-birth-weight neonates. Additional symptoms may include gradual neurological deterioration, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, hematologic abnormalities, skin breakdown, hepatic failure, renal failure, hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse. Rare cases of death, primarily in premature neonates, have been reported. Further, an increased incidence of kernicterus, especially in small, premature neonates has been reported. Practitioners administering this and other medications containing benzyl alcohol should consider the combined daily metabolic load of benzyl alcohol from all sources. Premature neonates, neonates with low birth weight, and patients who receive a high dose may be more likely to develop toxicity.[60760]

      Use systemic corticosteroids with caution in the geriatric individual. Geriatric and debilitated adults are especially susceptible to corticosteroid-induced decreases in bone mineral density and resultant fractures. Detrimental effects on bone metabolism, such as osteoporosis, are a risk with chronic, systemically-administered corticosteroids.[60760] [60761] [64165] According to the Beers Criteria, systemic corticosteroids are considered potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for geriatric adults with delirium or at high risk for delirium; avoid in these patient populations due to the possibility of new-onset delirium or exacerbation of the current condition. Oral and parenteral corticosteroids may be required for conditions, such as exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but should be prescribed in the lowest effective dose and for the shortest possible duration.[63923]

      Some commercially available formulations of dexamethasone injection or ophthalmic solution may contain sulfites; some parenteral products also contain benzyl alcohol. Sulfites and benzyl alcohol may cause allergic reactions in some people. They should be used with caution in patients with known sulfite hypersensitivity or benzyl alcohol hypersensitivity. Patients who have asthma are more likely to experience a sulfite sensitivity reaction than non-asthmatic patients.[54348] [60760]

      Dexamethasone ophthalmic solutions are sometimes used off-label in the ear for otic conditions. Otic dexamethasone use is contraindicated for use in patients with tympanic membrane perforation.[54348]

      Kaposi's sarcoma has been reported to occur in individuals during systemic corticosteroid therapy, such as systemic dexamethasone, most often for chronic conditions. Discontinuation of corticosteroids may result in clinical improvement of Kaposi's sarcoma.[60760] [60761] [64165]

      Revision Date: 10/04/2024, 03:38:00 AM

      References

      27616 - Butani L. Corticosteroid-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;89(5):439-445.27642 - Kamm GL, Hagmeyer KO. Allergic-type reactions to corticosteroids. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33(4):451-460.31822 - NAEPP Working Group Report on Managing Asthma During Pregnancy. Recommendations for Pharmacologic Treatment-Update 2004. NIH Publication No. 05-3279. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 200433038 - Di Renzo GC, Roura LC, European Association of Perinatal Medicine-Study Group on Preterm Birth. International guidelines: Guidelines for the management of spontaneous preterm labor. J Perinat Med 2006;34:359-66.33039 - ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins. ACOG Practice Bulletin: Management of preterm labor. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2003;82:127-35.33040 - Ballard PL, Ballard RA. Scientific basis and therapeutic regimens for use of antenatal glucocorticoids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:254-62.33723 - Greenberger PA, Patterson R. The management of asthma during pregnancy and lactation. Clin Rev Allergy 1987;5:317-24.33724 - Ellsworth A. Pharmacotherapy of asthma while breastfeeding. J Hum Lact 1994;10:39-41.41921 - Ozurdex (dexamethasone intravitreal implant) package insert. Madison, NJ: Allergan USA, Inc.; 2022 Dec.48640 - Dexycu (dexamethasone intraocular suspension) package insert. Watertown, MA: EyePoint Pharmaceuticals US, Inc.; 2020 Jun.49533 - Maxidex (dexamethasone) ophthalmic ointment package insert. Ft. Worth, TX: Alcon Laboratories, Inc.; 2006 Dec.51792 - Patradoon-Ho P, Gunasekera H, Ryan MM. Inhaled corticosteroids, adrenal suppression and benign intracranial hypertension. Med J Aust 2006;185:279-28054138 - Shulman DI, Palmert MR, Kemp SF. Adrenal insufficiency: still a cause of morbidity and death in childhood. Pediatrics 2007;119(2):e484-494.54286 - Dexamethasone tablets, oral solution, and Intensol (oral solution concentrate) package insert. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.; 2024 Feb.54338 - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Postnatal corticosteroids to prevent or treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 2010;126:800-8.54348 - Dexamethasone sodium phosphate ophthalmic solution package insert. Bridgewater, NJ: Bausch and Lomb Inc.; 2016 June.56910 - Cheong JL, Burnett AC, Lee KJ. Association between postnatal dexamethasone for treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and brain volumes at adolescence in infants born very preterm. J Pediatr. 2014; 164(4): 737-743.57052 - Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) MedWatch. Epidural corticosteroid injections: drug safety communications - risk of rare but serious neurologic problems. Retrieved April 23, 2014. Available on the World Wide Web at:http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm394530.htm.57053 - Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) Drug Medwatch-FDA requires label changes to warn of rare but serious neurologic problems after epidural corticosteroid injections for pain. Retrieved April 23, 2014. Available on the World Wide Web at http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM394286.pdf.60760 - Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection package insert. E. Windsor, NJ: Eugia US LLC; 2024 Feb.60761 - Dexamethasone tablets, oral solution, and Intensol (oral solution concentrate) package insert. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.; 2024 Feb.61633 - Maxidex (dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension 0.1%) package insert. East Hanover, NJ; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. 2021 Dec.63796 - Dextenza (dexamethasone ophthalmic insert) package insert. Bedford, MA: Ocular Therapeutix, Inc.; 2021 Oct.63923 - 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023;71:2052-208164165 - Dexamethasone (Hexadrol) tablets package insert. Grand Bay, Mauritus: Aspen Global Inc.; 2024 June65314 - COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. Accessed August 13, 2024. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/4887/20240626155208/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/65868 - Hemady (dexamethasone) tablets package insert. East Windsor, NJ: Acrotech Biopharma, LLC; 2021 June.

      Mechanism of Action

      Glucocorticoids are naturally occurring hormones that prevent or suppress inflammation and immune responses when administered at pharmacological doses. At the molecular level, unbound glucocorticoids readily cross cell membranes and bind with high affinity to specific cytoplasmic receptors. This binding induces a response by modifying transcription and, ultimately, protein synthesis to achieve the steroid's intended action. Such actions can include: inhibition of leukocyte infiltration at the site of inflammation, interference in the function of mediators of the inflammatory response, and suppression of humoral immune responses. Some of the net effects include reduction in edema or scar tissue and a general suppression in an immune response. The degree of clinical effect is normally related to the dose administered. The anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. Lipocortins, in turn, control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of the precursor molecule arachidonic acid. Likewise, the numerous adverse effects related to corticosteroid use usually depend on the dose administered and the duration of therapy.[30943][50600]

      Revision Date: 10/04/2024, 03:38:00 AM

      References

      30943 - Schimmer B, Parker K. Adrenocorticotropic hormone; adrenocortical steroids and their synthetic analogs; inhibitors of the synthesis and actions of adrenocortical hormones. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, et al., eds. Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th edition. New York: McGraw Hill, 2001;1649-1674.50600 - Barnes PJ. Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond). 1998;94(6):557-572.

      Pharmacokinetics

      Dexamethasone is administered via oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intravitreal, ophthalmic, and otic routes. Certain dosage forms, like inhalational products, have been removed from marketing. Circulating drug binds weakly to plasma proteins, with only the unbound portion of a dose being active. Systemic dexamethasone is quickly distributed into the kidneys, intestines, skin, liver, and muscle. Corticosteroids distribute into breast milk and cross the placenta. Systemic dexamethasone is metabolized by the liver to inactive metabolites. These inactive metabolites, as well as a small portion of unchanged drug, are excreted in the urine. The plasma elimination half-life of dexamethasone is approximately 1.8 to 3.5 hours whereas the biological half-life is 36 to 54 hours.[34477]

       

      Affected cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzymes and drug transporters: CYP3A4, P-glycoprotein (P-gp)

      Dexamethasone is a weak inducer of CYP3A4 and is a substrate for both P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4.[34477][69153]

      Route-Specific Pharmacokinetics

      Oral Route

      Dexamethasone is rapidly and well absorbed after oral administration.[38183] In adults, bioavailability has been reported to be in the range of approximately 60% to 100%, with no significant differences between the elixir and tablet formulations.[54046][54366] Peak concentrations occur 1 to 2 hours after oral administration.[54046] However, 1 study of 13 patients (aged 14 to 28 years) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia reported a mean time to peak concentrations for oral dexamethasone of 45 minutes (range 30 to 120 minutes).[54352]

      Intravenous Route

      Peak concentrations were reached approximately 60 minutes after single-dose administration of IV dexamethasone in neonates.[54368]

      Intramuscular Route

      The onset and duration of action of dexamethasone injection ranges from 2 days to 3 weeks and is dependent on whether the drug is administered by intra-articular or IM injection and by the extent of the local blood supply.

      Other Route(s)

      Intra-articular Route

      The onset and duration of action of dexamethasone injection ranges from 2 days to 3 weeks and is dependent on whether the drug is administered by intra-articular or IM injection and by the extent of the local blood supply.

       

      Ophthalmic Route

      Following ophthalmic administration, dexamethasone is absorbed through the aqueous humor and distribute into the local tissues, with only minimal systemic absorption occurring. Ophthalmic doses are metabolized locally.

       

      Intravitreal Implant Route

      After the insertion of the dexamethasone intravitreal implant (0.35 mg or 0.7 mg) in 21 patients, plasma concentrations were obtained on days 1, 7, 30, 60, and 90. Overall, the majority of dexamethasone plasma concentration measurements were below the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ = 50 pg/mL). Ten of the 73 samples in the patients receiving the 0.7 mg dose and 2 of the 42 samples in the patients receiving the 0.35 mg dose were above the LLOQ (range, 52 to 94 pg/mL). The highest plasma concentration (94 pg/mL) was observed in one patient who had received the 0.7 mg dose. Age, body weight, and gender did not affect the plasma dexamethasone concentrations. In vitro metabolism studies of the intravitreal implant showed no metabolites.[41921]

       

      Intraocular Route

      Systemic exposure to dexamethasone was evaluated in a subgroup of patients enrolled in 2 studies (n = 25 for the first study and n = 13 for the second study). The patients received a single intraocular injection of dexamethasone containing 342 mcg or 517 mcg of dexamethasone at the end of cataract surgery and blood samples were collected prior to surgery and at the several time points post-surgery between Day 1 and up to Day 30. In the first study, the dexamethasone plasma concentrations on post-surgery Day 1 ranged from 0.09 to 0.86 ng/mL and from 0.07 to 1.16 ng/mL following administration of dexamethasone 342 mcg and 517 mcg, respectively. In the second study, dexamethasone plasma concentrations on post-surgery Day 1 ranged from 0.349 to 2.79 ng/mL following administration of dexamethasone 517 mcg. In both the studies, dexamethasone plasma concentrations declined over time and very few patients had quantifiable dexamethasone plasma concentrations at the final time point of sampling (Day 15 or Day 30).[48640]

       

      Intracanalicular Route

      Systemic exposure to dexamthasone was evaluated in 16 healthy volunteers. Plasma samples were obtained prior to and at several time points on Days 1 to 29. Dexamethasone plasma concentrations were detectable (above 50 pg/mL, the lower limit of quantification of the assay) in 11% of samples (21 of 189), and ranged from 0.05 ng/mL to 0.81 ng/mL.[63796]

      Special Populations

      Hepatic Impairment

      In adult patients with chronic liver disease, dexamethasone clearance is reduced and the elimination half-life is prolonged. Pharmacokinetic data are unavailable in pediatric patients with hepatic impairment.[54046]

      Renal Impairment

      In adult patients with renal impairment, dexamethasone clearance is increased and the elimination half-life is shorter. This is due to decreased protein binding of dexamethasone to albumin in uremic patients. Pharmacokinetic data are unavailable in pediatric patients with renal impairment.[54046]

      Pediatrics

      Infants, Children, and Adolescents

      Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone in pediatric patients are similar to adults. In a pharmacokinetic study in 12 pediatric patients (4 months to 16 years) who received IV dexamethasone (0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg/dose), the mean elimination half-life of dexamethasone was 4.34 hours (range 2.33 to 9.54 hours), which is similar to that reported in adults. The mean volume of distribution (Vd) was 2.07 L/kg (range 0.48 to 8.99 L/kg).[54361] Another study that included adolescents and adults (14 to 28 years) reported a mean elimination half-life of 3.53 hours (range 2.18 to 4.5 hours) after dexamethasone administration.[54352]

       

      Neonates

      Clearance of dexamethasone in neonates is a function of gestational age (GA) with premature neonates having a slower clearance. In a pharmacokinetic study in 9 neonates (mean GA 27.3 weeks [range 25 to 30 weeks]; mean postnatal age 21.8 days), mean clearance was 1.69 mL/kg/minute in neonates with a GA less than 27 weeks compared with 7.57 mL/kg/minute in neonates with a GA more than 27 weeks. Corresponding elimination half-life values were 10.2 and 4.9 hours, respectively. The mean Vd was 1.78 L/kg, which was also correlated with GA (1.26 vs 2.19 L/kg for neonates with GA less than 27 weeks and more than 27 weeks, respectively). The mean Vd was higher than what has been reported in adults (0.77 L/kg).[54358] Another study in 7 extremely low birth weight neonates (mean GA 25.6 weeks; mean birthweight 735 g) found similar results after administration of single-dose IV dexamethasone. In this study, mean values for clearance, Vd, and elimination half-life were 2.4 mL/kg/minute, 1.9 L/kg, and 9.26 hours, respectively.[54368]

      Revision Date: 10/04/2024, 03:38:00 AM

      References

      34477 - Kovarik JM, Purba HS, Pongowski M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone and valspodar, a P-glycoprotein (mdr1) modulator: implications for coadministration. Pharmacother 1998;18:1230-6.38183 - Sparrow A, Geelhoed G. Prednisolone versus dexamethasone in croup: a randomised equivalence trial. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:580-583.41921 - Ozurdex (dexamethasone intravitreal implant) package insert. Madison, NJ: Allergan USA, Inc.; 2022 Dec.48640 - Dexycu (dexamethasone intraocular suspension) package insert. Watertown, MA: EyePoint Pharmaceuticals US, Inc.; 2020 Jun.54046 - Czock D, Keller F, Rasche FM, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005;44:61-98.54352 - Young MC, Cook N, Read GF, et al. The pharmacokinetics of low-dose dexamethasone in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37:75-77.54358 - Lugo RA, Nahata MC, Menke JA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone in premature neonates. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996;49:477-483.54361 - Richter O, Ern B, Reinhardt D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone in children. Pediatr Pharmacol 1983;3:329-337.54366 - Duggan DE, Yeh KC, Matalia N, et al. Bioavailability of oral dexamethasone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975;18:205-209.54368 - Charles B, Schild P, Steer P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone following single-dose intravenous administration to extremely low birth weight infants. Dev Pharmacol Ther 1993;20:205-210.63796 - Dextenza (dexamethasone ophthalmic insert) package insert. Bedford, MA: Ocular Therapeutix, Inc.; 2021 Oct.69153 - Jacobs TG, Marzolini C, Back DJ, Burger DM. Dexamethasone is a dose-dependent perpetrator of drug-drug interactions: implications for use in people living with HIV. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2022 Feb 23;77(3):568-573.

      Pregnancy/Breast-feeding

      pregnancy

      There are no adequate, well-controlled studies for the use of dexamethasone in pregnant women; therefore, the manufacturers recommend that the drug be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk to the fetus. For COVID-19, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends use of the drug in pregnant patients, if indicated, as the potential benefit of decreased maternal mortality justifies the low risk of fetal adverse effects with the short course of therapy.[65314] Corticosteroids have been shown to be teratogenic in many species when given in systemic doses equivalent to the human dose. Animal studies in which corticosteroids have been given to pregnant mice, rats, and rabbits have yielded an increased incidence of cleft palate in the offspring.[60760] [60761] [64165] In addition, dexamethasone has been shown to be teratogenic in mice and rabbits following topical ophthalmic application in multiples of the therapeutic dose.[61633] Topical ocular administration of dexamethasone to pregnant mice and rabbits during organogenesis produced embryofetal lethality, cleft palate and multiple visceral malformations.[41921] [63796] Topical and otic corticosteroids should not be used in large amounts, on large areas, or for prolonged periods of time in pregnant women. Dexamethasone injections have been used medically later in pregnancy to induce fetal lung maturation in patients at risk for pre-term delivery; use is for select circumstances and for a limited duration of time.[33038] [33039] [33040] An infant who is born to a woman receiving large doses of systemic corticosteroids during pregnancy should be monitored for signs of adrenal insufficiency, and appropriate therapy should be initiated, if necessary.

      breast-feeding

      Systemic use of dexamethasone has not been studied during breast-feeding; corticosteroids appear in human milk and could suppress growth, interfere with endogenous corticosteroid production, or cause other untoward effects. Caution is warranted, and some manufacturers recommend discontinuing breast-feeding if systemic dexamethasone treatment is needed.[60760] [60761] [64165] However, experts generally consider inhaled corticosteroids and oral corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone and prednisolone), acceptable to use during breast-feeding.[33723] [33724] [31822] There is no information regarding dexamethasone effects on breastfed infants or milk production or its presence in human milk following placement of the intravitreal implant or intracanalicular insert to inform risk to an infant during lactation.[41921] [63796] However, the systemic concentration of dexamethasone following administration of the intracanalicular insert is low.[63796] It is not known whether topical ophthalmic administration of dexamethasone could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in breast milk.[61633] [49533] For COVID-19, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends dexamethasone be offered to lactating mothers who qualify for therapy without interruption of breast-feeding.[65314] Consider the benefits of breast-feeding, the risk of potential infant drug exposure, and the risk of an untreated or inadequately treated condition.

      Revision Date: 10/04/2024, 03:38:00 AM

      References

      31822 - NAEPP Working Group Report on Managing Asthma During Pregnancy. Recommendations for Pharmacologic Treatment-Update 2004. NIH Publication No. 05-3279. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 200433038 - Di Renzo GC, Roura LC, European Association of Perinatal Medicine-Study Group on Preterm Birth. International guidelines: Guidelines for the management of spontaneous preterm labor. J Perinat Med 2006;34:359-66.33039 - ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins. ACOG Practice Bulletin: Management of preterm labor. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2003;82:127-35.33040 - Ballard PL, Ballard RA. Scientific basis and therapeutic regimens for use of antenatal glucocorticoids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:254-62.33723 - Greenberger PA, Patterson R. The management of asthma during pregnancy and lactation. Clin Rev Allergy 1987;5:317-24.33724 - Ellsworth A. Pharmacotherapy of asthma while breastfeeding. J Hum Lact 1994;10:39-41.41921 - Ozurdex (dexamethasone intravitreal implant) package insert. Madison, NJ: Allergan USA, Inc.; 2022 Dec.49533 - Maxidex (dexamethasone) ophthalmic ointment package insert. Ft. Worth, TX: Alcon Laboratories, Inc.; 2006 Dec.60760 - Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection package insert. E. Windsor, NJ: Eugia US LLC; 2024 Feb.60761 - Dexamethasone tablets, oral solution, and Intensol (oral solution concentrate) package insert. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.; 2024 Feb.61633 - Maxidex (dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension 0.1%) package insert. East Hanover, NJ; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. 2021 Dec.63796 - Dextenza (dexamethasone ophthalmic insert) package insert. Bedford, MA: Ocular Therapeutix, Inc.; 2021 Oct.64165 - Dexamethasone (Hexadrol) tablets package insert. Grand Bay, Mauritus: Aspen Global Inc.; 2024 June65314 - COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. Accessed August 13, 2024. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/4887/20240626155208/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/

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      • Saxagliptin
      • Secobarbital
      • Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol
      • Semaglutide
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      • Sildenafil
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      • Sodium Benzoate; Sodium Phenylacetate
      • Sodium Phenylbutyrate
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      • Somapacitan
      • Somatrogon
      • Somatropin, rh-GH
      • Sotagliflozin
      • Spironolactone; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ
      • St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum
      • Succinylcholine
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      • Sulindac
      • Sumatriptan; Naproxen
      • Tacrolimus
      • Telmisartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ
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      • Thiazide diuretics
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      • Tolmetin
      • Toremifene
      • Torsemide
      • Tramadol
      • Tramadol; Acetaminophen
      • Triamterene; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ
      • Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative, PPD
      • Tucatinib
      • Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ
      • Vecuronium
      • Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin
      • Voriconazole
      • Vorinostat
      • Warfarin

      Level 4 (Minor)

      • Alosetron
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      • Interferon Alfa-2b
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      • Lomustine, CCNU
      • Mercaptopurine, 6-MP
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      • Netupitant, Fosnetupitant; Palonosetron
      • Pentostatin
      • Photosensitizing agents (topical)
      • Potassium-sparing diuretics
      • Purine analogs
      • Spironolactone
      • Thioguanine, 6-TG
      • Tretinoin, ATRA
      • Triamterene
      • Zafirlukast
      Abatacept: (Moderate) Concomitant use of immunosuppressives, as well as long-term corticosteroids, may potentially increase the risk of serious infection in abatacept treated patients. Advise patients taking abatacept to seek immediate medical advice if they develop signs and symptoms suggestive of infection. [8565] Acarbose: (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving antidiabetic agents closely for worsening glycemic control when corticosteroids are instituted and for signs of hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are discontinued. Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids are known to increase blood glucose and worsen glycemic control in patients taking antidiabetic agents. The main risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids are the dose of steroid and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [62853] Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Acetaminophen; Aspirin: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Acetaminophen; Aspirin; diphenhydrAMINE: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine : (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of codeine and signs of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of codeine as needed. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of codeine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with dexamethasone can increase norcodeine levels via increased CYP3A metabolism, resulting in decreased metabolism via CYP2D6 resulting in lower morphine levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33654] [34883] [69153] Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; guaiFENesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Acetaminophen; guaiFENesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Acetaminophen; HYDROcodone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [30379] [69153] Acetaminophen; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Acetaminophen; oxyCODONE: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of oxycodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of oxycodone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of oxycodone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Oxycodone is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease oxycodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [39926] [69153] Acetaminophen; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] acetaZOLAMIDE: (Moderate) Corticosteroids may increase the risk of hypokalemia if used concurrently with acetazolamide. Hypokalemia may be especially severe with prolonged use of corticotropin, ACTH. Monitor serum potassium levels to determine the need for potassium supplementation and/or alteration in drug therapy. [26417] [28267] Adagrasib: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of adagrasib with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and adagrasib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [64165] [68325] Albendazole: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in albendazole-related adverse reactions if concomitant use with dexamethasone is necessary. Concomitant use increased the steady-state trough concentrations of albendazole sulfoxide by about 56%. [28046] Aldesleukin, IL-2: (Major) Avoid coadministration of corticosteroids with aldesleukin. Corticosteroids can be immunosuppressive. Aldesleukin is an interleukin-2 lymphocyte growth factor which induces lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and interferon gamma production. Concomitant use may reduce the efficacy of aldesleukin. [41853] Alemtuzumab: (Moderate) Concomitant use of alemtuzumab with immunosuppressant doses of corticosteroids may increase the risk of immunosuppression. Monitor patients carefully for signs and symptoms of infection. [58461] ALFentanil: (Moderate) Consider an increased dose of alfentanil and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider reducing the alfentanil dosage and monitor for evidence of respiratory depression. Coadministration of a weak CYP3A inducer like dexamethasone with alfentanil, a CYP3A substrate, may decrease exposure to alfentanil resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of withdrawal symptoms in a patient who has developed physical dependence to alfentanil. Alfentanil plasma concentrations will increase once the inducer is stopped, which may increase or prolong the therapeutic and adverse effects, including serious respiratory depression. [30072] [69153] Aliskiren; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Alogliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Alogliptin; metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazolidinedione use; a thiazolidinedione dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Alosetron: (Minor) Dexamethasone can induce the activity of CYP3A4 and increase the metabolism of alosetron by increasing the metabolism of the drug, thus potentially reducing the effect of alosetron. [5112] Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving antidiabetic agents closely for worsening glycemic control when corticosteroids are instituted and for signs of hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are discontinued. Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids are known to increase blood glucose and worsen glycemic control in patients taking antidiabetic agents. The main risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids are the dose of steroid and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [62853] Amifampridine: (Moderate) Carefully consider the need for concomitant treatment with systemic corticosteroids and amifampridine, as coadministration may increase the risk of seizures. If coadministration occurs, closely monitor patients for seizure activity. Seizures have been observed in patients without a history of seizures taking amifampridine at recommended doses. Systemic corticosteroids may increase the risk of seizures in some patients. [45339] [63790] aMILoride: (Minor) The manufacturer of spironolactone lists corticosteroids as a potential drug that interacts with spironolactone. Intensified electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia, may occur. However, potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone do not induce hypokalemia. In fact, hypokalemia is one of the indications for potassium-sparing diuretic therapy. Therefore, drugs that induce potassium loss, such as corticosteroids, could counter the hyperkalemic effects of potassium-sparing diuretics. [26417] [29016] [30011] aMILoride; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] (Minor) The manufacturer of spironolactone lists corticosteroids as a potential drug that interacts with spironolactone. Intensified electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia, may occur. However, potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone do not induce hypokalemia. In fact, hypokalemia is one of the indications for potassium-sparing diuretic therapy. Therefore, drugs that induce potassium loss, such as corticosteroids, could counter the hyperkalemic effects of potassium-sparing diuretics. [26417] [29016] [30011] Aminolevulinic Acid: (Minor) Corticosteroids administered prior to or concomitantly with photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy may decrease the efficacy of the treatment. [6625] Aminosalicylate sodium, Aminosalicylic acid: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] amLODIPine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] amLODIPine; Valsartan; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Amobarbital: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of clarithromycin with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and clarithromycin is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [56579] [64165] Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC): (Moderate) Monitor serum electrolytes and cardiac function during concomitant use. Corticosteroids have potassium-wasting effects and may potentiate hypokalemia during amphotericin B therapy and increase the risk for cardiac dysfunction. There have been cases reported in which concomitant use of amphotericin B and systemic corticosteroids was followed by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure. [26417] [35434] [35435] [45579] [54049] Amphotericin B liposomal (LAmB): (Moderate) Monitor serum electrolytes and cardiac function during concomitant use. Corticosteroids have potassium-wasting effects and may potentiate hypokalemia during amphotericin B therapy and increase the risk for cardiac dysfunction. There have been cases reported in which concomitant use of amphotericin B and systemic corticosteroids was followed by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure. [26417] [35434] [35435] [45579] [54049] Amphotericin B: (Moderate) Monitor serum electrolytes and cardiac function during concomitant use. Corticosteroids have potassium-wasting effects and may potentiate hypokalemia during amphotericin B therapy and increase the risk for cardiac dysfunction. There have been cases reported in which concomitant use of amphotericin B and systemic corticosteroids was followed by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure. [26417] [35434] [35435] [45579] [54049] Anthrax Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Antithymocyte Globulin: (Moderate) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [6303] [7714] Apalutamide: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with apalutamide is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and apalutamide is a strong CYP3A inducer. [54286] [62874] Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: (Minor) Aprepitant, fosaprepitant is indicated for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting (CINV) in combination with dexamethasone and a 5HT3 antagonist; the pharmacokinetic interactions discussed here are accounted for in the recommended dosing for this indication. No dosage adjustment is needed when dexamethasone is used in combination with a single 40-mg dose of oral aprepitant. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate. Aprepitant, when administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer. The AUC of dexamethasone (8 mg PO on days 1, 2, and 3) was increased by approximately 2-fold on days 1 and 2 when given with a single 150-mg dose of IV fosaprepitant. After a 5-day regimen of oral aprepitant (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg/80 mg/80 mg), the AUC of dexamethasone increased 2.2-fold on days 1 and 5. A single dose of aprepitant 40 mg increased the AUC of dexamethasone by 1.45-fold, which was not considered clinically significant. [30676] [40027] Arsenic Trioxide: (Moderate) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of arsenic trioxide and corticosteroids as electrolyte imbalance caused by corticosteroids may increase the risk of QT prolongation with arsenic trioxide. [26417] [59438] Articaine; EPINEPHrine: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and epinephrine use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Corticosteroids may potentiate the hypokalemic effects of epinephrine. [26417] [56575] Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi: (Moderate) Concomitant use of L-asparaginase with corticosteroids can result in additive hyperglycemia. L-Asparaginase transiently inhibits insulin production contributing to hyperglycemia seen during concurrent corticosteroid therapy. Insulin therapy may be required in some cases. Administration of L-asparaginase after rather than before corticosteroids reportedly has produced fewer hypersensitivity reactions. [55362] Aspirin, ASA: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Orphenadrine: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of codeine and signs of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of codeine as needed. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of codeine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with dexamethasone can increase norcodeine levels via increased CYP3A metabolism, resulting in decreased metabolism via CYP2D6 resulting in lower morphine levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33654] [34883] [69153] Aspirin, ASA; Citric Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Aspirin, ASA; Dipyridamole: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Aspirin, ASA; oxyCODONE: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of oxycodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of oxycodone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of oxycodone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Oxycodone is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease oxycodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [39926] [69153] Atazanavir: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in atazanavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and atazanavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease atazanavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; atazanavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [28142] [46638] [69153] Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of dexamethasone with cobicistat-containing regimens due to the risk of decreased antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. In addition, serum concentrations of dexamethasone may be increased, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider an alternative corticosteroid (i.e., beclomethasone, prednisone, prednisolone) for long-term use. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor virologic response and for corticosteroid-related adverse effects. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate and weak CYP3A inducer; cobicistat is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [51664] [58000] [69153] (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in atazanavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and atazanavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease atazanavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; atazanavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [28142] [46638] [69153] Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Atogepant: (Major) Avoid use of atogepant and dexamethasone when atogepant is used for chronic migraine. Use an atogepant dose of 30 or 60 mg PO once daily for episodic migraine if coadministered with dexamethasone. Concurrent use may decrease atogepant exposure and reduce efficacy. Atogepant is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Coadministration with a weak CYP3A inducer resulted in a 25% reduction in atogepant overall exposure and a 24% reduction in atogepant peak concentration. [67011] [69153] Atracurium: (Moderate) Limit the period of use of neuromuscular blockers and corticosteroids and only use when the specific advantages of the drugs outweigh the risks for acute myopathy. An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids in patients receiving concomitant long-term therapy with neuromuscular blockers. Clinical improvement or recovery after stopping therapy may require weeks to years. [41361] [41961] [42031] [43319] [54278] [60760] [61750] [61937] Avanafil: (Major) Coadministration of avanafil with dexamethasone is not recommended by the manufacturer of avanafil due to the potential for decreased avanafil efficacy. Avanafil is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A inducer. Although the potential effect of CYP inducers on the pharmacokinetics of avanafil has not been evaluated, plasma concentrations may decrease. [49866] [69153] azaTHIOprine: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [4710] [7714] Azilsartan; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccine, BCG: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Barbiturates: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] Basiliximab: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids have immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives. [4746] Benazepril; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of benzhydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of benzhydrocodone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of benzhydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Benzhydrocodone is a prodrug for hydrocodone. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease hydrocodone concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [62889] [69153] Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Bexagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Bictegravir; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in bictegravir efficacy during concurrent use of bictegravir and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease bictegravir exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Bictegravir is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [46638] [69153] Bismuth Subsalicylate: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Bismuth Subsalicylate; metroNIDAZOLE; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Bisoprolol; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Bortezomib: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [7714] Brompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Brompheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Bumetanide: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and loop diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and loop diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [28429] [29779] BUPivacaine; EPINEPHrine: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and epinephrine use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Corticosteroids may potentiate the hypokalemic effects of epinephrine. [26417] [56575] BUPivacaine; Meloxicam: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Buprenorphine: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of buprenorphine, and potentially the onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to buprenorphine, if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of buprenorphine until stable drug effects are achieved. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a buprenorphine dose reduction and monitor for signs of respiratory depression. Buprenorphine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A inducer. [41235] [41666] [69153] Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of buprenorphine, and potentially the onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to buprenorphine, if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of buprenorphine until stable drug effects are achieved. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a buprenorphine dose reduction and monitor for signs of respiratory depression. Buprenorphine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A inducer. [41235] [41666] [69153] buPROPion: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk. [44094] buPROPion; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk. [44094] busPIRone: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of buspirone if dexamethasone is added to a patient on a stable dosage of buspirone; a dose increase of buspirone may be needed to maintain anxiolytic activity. Buspirone is a sensitive CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A inducer. [28501] Butalbital; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of codeine and signs of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of codeine as needed. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of codeine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with dexamethasone can increase norcodeine levels via increased CYP3A metabolism, resulting in decreased metabolism via CYP2D6 resulting in lower morphine levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33654] [34883] [69153] Butalbital; Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of codeine and signs of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of codeine as needed. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of codeine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with dexamethasone can increase norcodeine levels via increased CYP3A metabolism, resulting in decreased metabolism via CYP2D6 resulting in lower morphine levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33654] [34883] [69153] Cabotegravir; Rilpivirine: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of dexamethasone (more than 1 dose) and rilpivirine is contraindicated. Concomitant use may decrease the exposure and efficacy of rilpivirine leading to potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is an inducer of CYP3A4. [44376] [46638] [54286] [69153] Caffeine; Sodium Benzoate: (Moderate) Corticosteroids may cause protein breakdown, which could lead to elevated blood ammonia concentrations, especially in patients with an impaired ability to form urea. Corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients receiving treatment for hyperammonemia. [8083] Canagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Canagliflozin; metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Candesartan; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Captopril; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] carBAMazepine: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of both drugs if dexamethasone is coadministered with carbamazepine; dosage adjustments of either drug may be needed. Concomitant use may decrease the exposure of both drugs. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and weak CYP3A inducer; carbamazepine is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inducer. [41237] [64165] Cariprazine: (Major) Coadministration of cariprazine with dexamethasone is not recommended as the net effect of CYP3A induction on cariprazine and its metabolites is unclear. Cariprazine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Coadministration of cariprazine with CYP3A inducers has not been evaluated. [60164] [69153] Carmustine, BCNU: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [5946] [7714] [7944] Caspofungin: (Major) Consider a caspofungin dosage increase if concomitant use with dexamethasone is necessary. Increase the caspofungin dose to 70 mg/day in adults and 70 mg/m2/day (up to 70 mg/day) in pediatric patients. Concomitant use may decrease caspofungin exposure which may reduce its efficacy. Caspofungin is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A inducer. [28782] Celecoxib: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [32475] [40255] [51440] [69153] Ceritinib: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of ceritinib with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushings syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Ceritinib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [57094] [64165] Chikungunya Vaccine, Live: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Chlorambucil: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [4757] [7714] Chloramphenicol: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of chloramphenicol with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and chloramphenicol is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [29624] [64165] Chlorothiazide: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of codeine and signs of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of codeine as needed. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of codeine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with dexamethasone can increase norcodeine levels via increased CYP3A metabolism, resulting in decreased metabolism via CYP2D6 resulting in lower morphine levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33654] [34883] [69153] Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Chlorpheniramine; HYDROcodone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [30379] [69153] Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Cholera Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving immunosuppressant medications may have a diminished response to the live cholera vaccine. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines prior to initiating immunosuppressant medications. Counsel patients receiving immunosuppressant medications about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure to cholera bacteria after receiving the vaccine. High-dose corticosteroid therapy may impair immune function and is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. [60092] [60871] [65107] Cholestyramine: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in dexamethasone efficacy during concurrent use of dexamethasone and cholestyramine. Cholestyramine may increase the clearance of corticosteroids. [64165] Choline Salicylate; Magnesium Salicylate: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Ciprofloxacin: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon. [28423] [28424] [28764] [29818] [30738] [62028] [65562] Cisatracurium: (Moderate) Limit the period of use of neuromuscular blockers and corticosteroids and only use when the specific advantages of the drugs outweigh the risks for acute myopathy. An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids in patients receiving concomitant long-term therapy with neuromuscular blockers. Clinical improvement or recovery after stopping therapy may require weeks to years. [41361] [41961] [42031] [43319] [54278] [60760] [61750] [61937] Cladribine: (Minor) Concurrent use of purine analogs with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other antineoplastic agents or immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. [5504] Clarithromycin: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of clarithromycin with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and clarithromycin is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [56579] [64165] Clofarabine: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [7557] [7714] cloZAPine: (Moderate) Monitor for loss of clozapine effectiveness if coadministered with dexamethasone. Consideration should be given to increasing the clozapine dose if necessary. When dexamethasone is discontinued, reduce the clozapine dose based on clinical response. Clozapine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [28262] [69153] Cobicistat: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of dexamethasone with cobicistat-containing regimens due to the risk of decreased antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. In addition, serum concentrations of dexamethasone may be increased, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider an alternative corticosteroid (i.e., beclomethasone, prednisone, prednisolone) for long-term use. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor virologic response and for corticosteroid-related adverse effects. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate and weak CYP3A inducer; cobicistat is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [51664] [58000] [69153] Codeine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of codeine and signs of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of codeine as needed. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of codeine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with dexamethasone can increase norcodeine levels via increased CYP3A metabolism, resulting in decreased metabolism via CYP2D6 resulting in lower morphine levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33654] [34883] [69153] Codeine; guaiFENesin: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of codeine and signs of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of codeine as needed. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of codeine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with dexamethasone can increase norcodeine levels via increased CYP3A metabolism, resulting in decreased metabolism via CYP2D6 resulting in lower morphine levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33654] [34883] [69153] Codeine; guaiFENesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of codeine and signs of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of codeine as needed. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of codeine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with dexamethasone can increase norcodeine levels via increased CYP3A metabolism, resulting in decreased metabolism via CYP2D6 resulting in lower morphine levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33654] [34883] [69153] Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of codeine and signs of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of codeine as needed. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of codeine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with dexamethasone can increase norcodeine levels via increased CYP3A metabolism, resulting in decreased metabolism via CYP2D6 resulting in lower morphine levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33654] [34883] [69153] (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Codeine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of codeine and signs of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of codeine as needed. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of codeine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with dexamethasone can increase norcodeine levels via increased CYP3A metabolism, resulting in decreased metabolism via CYP2D6 resulting in lower morphine levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33654] [34883] [69153] Conjugated Estrogens: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Conjugated Estrogens; Bazedoxifene: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Conjugated Estrogens; medroxyPROGESTERone: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Corticorelin, Ovine: (Major) Patients pretreated with dexamethasone have demonstrated an inhibited or blunted response to corticotropin, ovine. Patients receiving corticotropin, ovine should not be pretreated with dexamethasone; no specific guidelines are available. [6759] cycloSPORINE: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary. Concurrent use may decrease cyclosporine exposure resulting in decreased efficacy. Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized by CYP3A and has a narrow therapeutic index; dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [28404] [29198] [69153] Dapagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Dapagliflozin; metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Dapagliflozin; sAXagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Darunavir: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in darunavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and darunavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease darunavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; darunavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [32432] [46638] [69153] Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of dexamethasone with cobicistat-containing regimens due to the risk of decreased antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. In addition, serum concentrations of dexamethasone may be increased, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider an alternative corticosteroid (i.e., beclomethasone, prednisone, prednisolone) for long-term use. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor virologic response and for corticosteroid-related adverse effects. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate and weak CYP3A inducer; cobicistat is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [51664] [58000] [69153] (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in darunavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and darunavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease darunavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; darunavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [32432] [46638] [69153] Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of dexamethasone with cobicistat-containing regimens due to the risk of decreased antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. In addition, serum concentrations of dexamethasone may be increased, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider an alternative corticosteroid (i.e., beclomethasone, prednisone, prednisolone) for long-term use. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor virologic response and for corticosteroid-related adverse effects. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate and weak CYP3A inducer; cobicistat is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [51664] [58000] [69153] (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in darunavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and darunavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease darunavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; darunavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [32432] [46638] [69153] Deferasirox: (Moderate) Because gastric ulceration and GI bleeding have been reported in patients taking deferasirox, use caution when coadministering with other drugs known to increase the risk of peptic ulcers or gastric hemorrhage including corticosteroids. [31807] Delafloxacin: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon. [28423] [28424] [28764] [29818] [30738] [62028] [65562] Delavirdine: (Minor) Since dexamethasone may induce metabolism of delavirdine, concomitant use of these agents should be done with caution. Delavirdine therapy may be less effective due to decreased plasma levels in patients taking these drugs concomitantly. [5206] Dengue Tetravalent Vaccine, Live: (Contraindicated) Avoid administration of the live dengue virus vaccine with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [64100] [65107] Denosumab: (Moderate) The safety and efficacy of denosumab use in patients with immunosuppression have not been evaluated. Patients receiving immunosuppressives along with denosumab may be at a greater risk of developing an infection. [40862] Desmopressin: (Contraindicated) Desmopressin is contraindicated in patients at increased risk of severe hyponatremia. Hyponatremia was observed in nocturia clinical trials in patients receiving inhaled or systemic corticosteroids with desmopressin. If concomitant use is necessary, ensure appropriate harm mitigation strategies, such as adequate sodium monitoring, are in place especially for patients with additional risk factors for hyponatremia. [42295] [71147] [71148] Desogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Dexbrompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Dextromethorphan; buPROPion: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk. [44094] Dextromethorphan; diphenhydrAMINE; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Dextromethorphan; guaiFENesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] diazePAM: (Moderate) Monitor patients for decreased efficacy of diazepam if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary. Concurrent use may decrease diazepam exposure. Diazepam is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A inducer. [64930] [69153] Diclofenac: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Diclofenac; miSOPROStol: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Diflunisal: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] diphenhydrAMINE; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] diphenhydrAMINE; Naproxen: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] diphenhydrAMINE; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Diphtheria Toxoid, Tetanus Toxoid, Acellular Pertussis Vaccine, DTaP; Haemophilus influenzae type b Conjugate Vaccine; Hepatitis B Vaccine, Recombinant; Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine, IPV: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Diphtheria Toxoid, Tetanus Toxoid, Acellular Pertussis Vaccine, DTaP; Haemophilus influenzae type b Conjugate Vaccine; Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine, IPV: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Diphtheria Toxoid, Tetanus Toxoid, Acellular Pertussis Vaccine, DTaP; Hepatitis B Vaccine, Recombinant; Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine, IPV : (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Diphtheria Toxoid, Tetanus Toxoid, Acellular Pertussis Vaccine, DTaP; Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine, IPV: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Diphtheria Toxoid; Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed, DT, Td: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Diphtheria/Tetanus Toxoids; Pertussis Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Dofetilide: (Major) Corticosteroids can cause increases in blood pressure, sodium and water retention, and hypokalemia, predisposing patients to interactions with certain other medications. Corticosteroid-induced hypokalemia could also enhance the proarrhythmic effects of dofetilide. [49489] Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of dexamethasone (more than 1 dose) and rilpivirine is contraindicated. Concomitant use may decrease the exposure and efficacy of rilpivirine leading to potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is an inducer of CYP3A4. [44376] [46638] [54286] [69153] Doravirine: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in doravirine efficacy during concurrent use of doravirine and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease doravirine exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Doravirine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [46638] [63484] [69153] Doravirine; lamiVUDine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in doravirine efficacy during concurrent use of doravirine and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease doravirine exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Doravirine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [46638] [63484] [69153] droPERidol: (Moderate) Caution is advised when using droperidol in combination with corticosteroids which may lead to electrolyte abnormalities, especially hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, as such abnormalities may increase the risk for QT prolongation or cardiac arrhythmias. [5468] Drospirenone; Estetrol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Dulaglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and incretin mimetic use; an incretin mimetic dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Echinacea: (Moderate) Echinacea possesses immunostimulatory activity and may theoretically reduce the response to immunosuppressant drugs like corticosteroids. For some patients who are using corticosteroids for serious illness, such as cancer or organ transplant, this potential interaction may result in the preferable avoidance of Echinacea. Although documentation is lacking, coadministration of echinacea with immunosuppressants is not recommended by some resources. [25398] [32073] [61902] [61905] Econazole: (Minor) In vitro studies indicate that corticosteroids inhibit the antifungal activity of econazole against C. albicans in a concentration-dependent manner. When the concentration of the corticosteroid was equal to or greater than that of econazole on a weight basis, the antifungal activity of econazole was substantially inhibited. When the corticosteroid concentration was one-tenth that of econazole, no inhibition of antifungal activity was observed. [6968] Efavirenz: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in efavirenz efficacy during concurrent use of efavirenz and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease efavirenz exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Efavirenz is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [46638] [69153] Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in efavirenz efficacy during concurrent use of efavirenz and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease efavirenz exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Efavirenz is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [46638] [69153] Efavirenz; lamiVUDine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in efavirenz efficacy during concurrent use of efavirenz and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease efavirenz exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Efavirenz is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [46638] [69153] Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of dexamethasone with cobicistat-containing regimens due to the risk of decreased antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. In addition, serum concentrations of dexamethasone may be increased, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider an alternative corticosteroid (i.e., beclomethasone, prednisone, prednisolone) for long-term use. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor virologic response and for corticosteroid-related adverse effects. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate and weak CYP3A inducer; cobicistat is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [51664] [58000] [69153] (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in elvitegravir efficacy during concurrent use of elvitegravir and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease elvitegravir exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Elvitegravir is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [46638] [51664] [60269] [69153] Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of dexamethasone with cobicistat-containing regimens due to the risk of decreased antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. In addition, serum concentrations of dexamethasone may be increased, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider an alternative corticosteroid (i.e., beclomethasone, prednisone, prednisolone) for long-term use. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor virologic response and for corticosteroid-related adverse effects. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate and weak CYP3A inducer; cobicistat is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [51664] [58000] [69153] (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in elvitegravir efficacy during concurrent use of elvitegravir and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease elvitegravir exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Elvitegravir is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [46638] [51664] [60269] [69153] Empagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Empagliflozin; Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Empagliflozin; metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of dexamethasone (more than 1 dose) and rilpivirine is contraindicated. Concomitant use may decrease the exposure and efficacy of rilpivirine leading to potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is an inducer of CYP3A4. [44376] [46638] [54286] [69153] Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of dexamethasone (more than 1 dose) and rilpivirine is contraindicated. Concomitant use may decrease the exposure and efficacy of rilpivirine leading to potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is an inducer of CYP3A4. [44376] [46638] [54286] [69153] Enalapril; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Encorafenib: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with encorafenib is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and encorafenib is a strong CYP3A inducer. [63317] [64165] Enzalutamide: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with enzalutamide is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and enzalutamide is a strong CYP3A inducer. [51727] [64165] ePHEDrine: (Moderate) Ephedrine may enhance the metabolic clearance of corticosteroids. Decreased blood concentrations and lessened physiologic activity may necessitate an increase in corticosteroid dosage. [8844] ePHEDrine; guaiFENesin: (Moderate) Ephedrine may enhance the metabolic clearance of corticosteroids. Decreased blood concentrations and lessened physiologic activity may necessitate an increase in corticosteroid dosage. [8844] EPINEPHrine: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and epinephrine use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Corticosteroids may potentiate the hypokalemic effects of epinephrine. [26417] [56575] Eprosartan; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Erlotinib: (Moderate) Monitor for symptoms of gastrointestinal (GI) perforation (e.g., severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting) if coadministration of erlotinib with dexamethasone is necessary. Permanently discontinue dexamethasone in patients who develop GI perforation. The pooled incidence of GI perforation clinical trials of erlotinib ranged from 0.1% to 0.4%, including fatal cases; patients receiving concomitant dexamethasone may be at increased risk. [30555] Ertugliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Ertugliflozin; metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Ertugliflozin; SITagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Erythromycin: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if concomitant use of erythromycin with dexamethasone is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and erythromycin is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. [28251] Esterified Estrogens: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Esterified Estrogens; methylTESTOSTERone: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Estradiol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Estradiol; Progesterone: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Estramustine: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [4744] [7714] Estrogens: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Estropipate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Ethacrynic Acid: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and loop diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and loop diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [28429] [29779] Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Ethotoin: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with phenytoin/fosphenytoin is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and phenytoin is a strong CYP3A inducer. [56579] [64165] Ethynodiol Diacetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Etodolac: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Etonogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Etravirine: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in etravirine efficacy during concurrent use of etravirine and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease etravirine exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Etravirine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [33718] [46638] [69153] Exenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and incretin mimetic use; an incretin mimetic dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Fenoprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] fentaNYL: (Moderate) Consider an increased dose of fentanyl and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal if concurrent use of dexamethasone is necessary. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider reducing the fentanyl dosage and monitor for evidence of respiratory depression. Coadministration of a CYP3A4 inducer like dexamethasone with fentanyl, a CYP3A4 substrate, may decrease exposure to fentanyl resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of withdrawal symptoms in a patient who has developed physical dependence to fentanyl. Fentanyl plasma concentrations will increase once the inducer is stopped, which may increase or prolong the therapeutic and adverse effects, including serious respiratory depression. [29623] [29763] [32731] [40943] [69153] Fludarabine: (Minor) Concurrent use of purine analogs with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other antineoplastic agents or immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. [5504] Flurbiprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Fosamprenavir: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in fosamprenavir efficacy during concurrent use of fosamprenavir and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease fosamprenavir exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Fosamprenavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [29012] [46638] [69153] Fosinopril; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Fosphenytoin: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with phenytoin/fosphenytoin is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and phenytoin is a strong CYP3A inducer. [56579] [64165] Furosemide: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and loop diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and loop diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [28429] [29779] Gallium Ga 68 Dotatate: (Moderate) Repeated administration of high corticosteroid doses prior to gallium Ga 68 dotatate may result in false negative imaging. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. Corticosteroids can down-regulate somatostatin subtype 2 receptors: thereby, interfering with binding of gallium Ga 68 dotatate to malignant cells that overexpress these receptors. [60852] Gemifloxacin: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon. [28423] [28424] [28764] [29818] [30738] [62028] [65562] Glimepiride: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and sulfonylurea use; a sulfonylurea dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] glipiZIDE: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and sulfonylurea use; a sulfonylurea dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] glipiZIDE; metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and sulfonylurea use; a sulfonylurea dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] glyBURIDE: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and sulfonylurea use; a sulfonylurea dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] glyBURIDE; metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and sulfonylurea use; a sulfonylurea dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Glycerol Phenylbutyrate: (Moderate) Corticosteroids may induce elevated blood ammonia concentrations. Corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients receiving glycerol phenylbutyrate. Monitor ammonia concentrations closely. [53022] guaiFENesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Haemophilus influenzae type b Conjugate Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Haloperidol: (Moderate) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of haloperidol and corticosteroids as electrolyte imbalance caused by corticosteroids may increase the risk of QT prolongation with haloperidol. [28307] Hemin: (Moderate) Hemin works by inhibiting aminolevulinic acid synthetase. Corticosteroids increase the activity of this enzyme should not be used with hemin. [6702] Hepatitis A Vaccine, Inactivated: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Hepatitis A Vaccine, Inactivated; Hepatitis B Vaccine, Recombinant: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Hepatitis B Vaccine, Recombinant: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Homatropine; HYDROcodone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [30379] [69153] Human Papillomavirus 9-Valent Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Hydantoins: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with phenytoin/fosphenytoin is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and phenytoin is a strong CYP3A inducer. [56579] [64165] hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ; Moexipril: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] HYDROcodone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [30379] [69153] HYDROcodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [30379] [69153] Hydroxyurea: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [7714] Hylan G-F 20: (Major) The safety and efficacy of hylan G-F 20 given concomitantly with other intra-articular injectables have not been established. Other intra-articular injections may include intra-articular steroids (betamethasone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, and triamcinolone). [45238] [45239] Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate; Sodium Biphosphate: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [7714] Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Ibuprofen; Famotidine: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Ibuprofen; oxyCODONE: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of oxycodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of oxycodone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of oxycodone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Oxycodone is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease oxycodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [39926] [69153] Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Idelalisib: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of idelalisib with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [57675] [64165] Incretin Mimetics: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and incretin mimetic use; an incretin mimetic dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Indapamide: (Moderate) Additive hypokalemia may occur when indapamide is coadministered with other drugs with a significant risk of hypokalemia such as systemic corticosteroids. Coadminister with caution and careful monitoring. [26417] Indinavir: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in indinavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and indinavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as beclomethasone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease indinavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; indinavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [28731] [46638] [69153] Indomethacin: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Inebilizumab: (Moderate) Concomitant usage of inebilizumab with immunosuppressant drugs, including systemic corticosteroids, may increase the risk of infection. Consider the risk of additive immune system effects when coadministering therapies that cause immunosuppression with inebilizumab. [65576] inFLIXimab: (Moderate) Many serious infections during infliximab therapy have occurred in patients who received concurrent immunosuppressives that, in addition to their underlying Crohn's disease or rheumatoid arthritis, predisposed patients to infections. The impact of concurrent infliximab therapy and immunosuppression on the development of malignancies is unknown. In clinical trials, the use of concomitant immunosuppressant agents appeared to reduce the frequency of antibodies to infliximab and appeared to reduce infusion reactions. [4711] Influenza Virus Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Insulin Aspart: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulin Aspart; Insulin Aspart Protamine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulin Degludec: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulin Degludec; Liraglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and incretin mimetic use; an incretin mimetic dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulin Detemir: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulin Glargine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulin Glargine; Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and incretin mimetic use; an incretin mimetic dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulin Glulisine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulin Lispro: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulin Lispro; Insulin Lispro Protamine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulin, Inhaled: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Insulins: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Interferon Alfa-2b: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [7714] Intranasal Influenza Vaccine: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Iohexol: (Major) Serious adverse events, including death, have been observed during intrathecal administration of both corticosteroids (i.e., dexamethasone) and radiopaque contrast agents (i.e., iohexol); therefore, concurrent use of these medications via the intrathecal route is contraindicated. Cases of cortical blindness, stroke, spinal cord infarction, paralysis, seizures, nerve injury, brain edema, and death have been temporally associated (i.e., within minutes to 48 hours after injection) with epidural administration of injectable corticosteroids. In addition, patients inadvertently administered iohexol formulations not indicated for intrathecal use have experienced seizures, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhages, brain edema, and death. Administering these medications together via the intrathecal route may increase the risk for serious adverse events. [28963] [57053] Iopamidol: (Contraindicated) Because both intrathecal corticosteroids (i.e., dexamethasone) and intrathecal radiopaque contrast agents (i.e., iopamidoll) can increase the risk of seizures, the intrathecal administration of corticosteroids with intrathecal radiopaque contrast agents is contraindicated. [5442] Irbesartan; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; rifAMPin: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with rifampin is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifampin is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. [56579] [64165] Isoniazid, INH; rifAMPin: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with rifampin is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifampin is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. [56579] [64165] Isophane Insulin (NPH): (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Isoproterenol: (Moderate) The risk of cardiac toxicity with isoproterenol in asthma patients appears to be increased with the coadministration of corticosteroids. Intravenous infusions of isoproterenol in refractory asthmatic children at rates of 0.05 to 2.7 mcg/kg/min have caused clinical deterioration, myocardial infarction (necrosis), congestive heart failure and death. [28004] ISOtretinoin: (Minor) Both isotretinoin and corticosteroids can cause osteoporosis during chronic use. Patients receiving systemic corticosteroids should receive isotretinoin therapy with caution. [5283] Isradipine: (Minor) Monitor for decreased efficacy of isradipine if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary. Concomitant use may decrease isradipine exposure. Isradipine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [62065] [69153] Itraconazole: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of itraconazole with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and itraconazole is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [27983] [29036] [64165] Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Ketoconazole: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of ketoconazole with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and ketoconazole is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Ketoconazole has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [27982] [64165] [67231] Ketoprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Ketorolac: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Lansoprazole; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of clarithromycin with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and clarithromycin is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [56579] [64165] Lapatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lapatinib with dexamethasone due to decreased plasma concentrations of lapatinib. If concomitant use is unavoidable, gradually titrate the dose of lapatinib from 1,250 mg per day to 4,500 mg per day in patients receiving concomitant capecitabine (HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer), and from 1,500 mg per day to 5,500 mg per day in patients receiving concomitant aromatase inhibitor therapy (HR-positive, HER2-positive breast cancer) based on tolerability. If dexamethasone is discontinued, reduce lapatinib to the indicated dose. Lapatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 inducer. [33192] Lenacapavir: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of lenacapavir with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. If concomitant use is necessary, initiate dexamethasone at the lowest starting dose and titrate carefully. Alternatively, consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and lenacapavir is a CYP3A inhibitor. [68383] levoFLOXacin: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon. [28423] [28424] [28764] [29818] [30738] [62028] [65562] Levoketoconazole: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of ketoconazole with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and ketoconazole is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Ketoconazole has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [27982] [64165] [67231] Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Bisglycinate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Fumarate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Lidocaine; EPINEPHrine: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and epinephrine use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Corticosteroids may potentiate the hypokalemic effects of epinephrine. [26417] [56575] Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Linagliptin; metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Liraglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and incretin mimetic use; an incretin mimetic dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Lisinopril; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Live Vaccines: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and incretin mimetic use; an incretin mimetic dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Lomustine, CCNU: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [5946] [7714] [7944] Lonafarnib: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of lonafarnib with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and lonafarnib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [64165] [66129] Lonapegsomatropin: (Moderate) Corticosteroids can retard bone growth and therefore, can inhibit the growth-promoting effects of somatropin. If corticosteroid therapy is required, the corticosteroid dose should be carefully adjusted. [6807] Loop diuretics: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and loop diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and loop diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [28429] [29779] Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in lopinavir efficacy during concurrent use of lopinavir and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease lopinavir exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Lopinavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [28341] [46638] [69153] (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in ritonavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and ritonavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease ritonavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; ritonavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [47165] [69153] Losartan; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with combination lumacaftor; ivacaftor is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and combination lumacaftor; ivacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer. [59891] [64165] Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with combination lumacaftor; ivacaftor is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and combination lumacaftor; ivacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer. [59891] [64165] Lumateperone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lumateperone and dexamethasone as concurrent use may decrease lumateperone exposure which may reduce efficacy. Lumateperone is a CYP3A substrate; dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Although data are unavailable for weak CYP3A inducers, coadministration with a strong CYP3A inducer significantly decreased lumateperone exposure. [64885] [69153] Lutetium Lu 177 dotatate: (Major) Avoid repeated administration of high doses of glucocorticoids during treatment with lutetium Lu 177 dotatate due to the risk of decreased efficacy of lutetium Lu 177 dotatate. Lutetium Lu 177 dotatate binds to somatostatin receptors, with the highest affinity for subtype 2 somatostatin receptors (SSTR2); glucocorticoids can induce down-regulation of SSTR2. [62824] Macimorelin: (Major) Avoid use of macimorelin with drugs that directly affect pituitary growth hormone secretion, such as corticosteroids. Healthcare providers are advised to discontinue corticosteroid therapy and observe a sufficient washout period before administering macimorelin. Use of these medications together may impact the accuracy of the macimorelin growth hormone test. [62723] Magnesium Salicylate: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Mannitol: (Moderate) Corticosteroids may accentuate the electrolyte loss associated with diuretic therapy resulting in hypokalemia. Also, corticotropin may cause calcium loss and sodium and fluid retention. Mannitol itself can cause hypernatremia. Close monitoring of electrolytes should occur in patients receiving these drugs concomitantly. [6524] Measles Virus; Mumps Virus; Rubella Virus; Varicella Virus Vaccine, Live: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Measles/Mumps/Rubella Vaccines, MMR: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Mecasermin, Recombinant, rh-IGF-1: (Moderate) Additional monitoring may be required when coadministering systemic or inhaled corticosteroids and mecasermin, recombinant, rh-IGF-1. In animal studies, corticosteroids impair the growth-stimulating effects of growth hormone (GH) through interference with the physiological stimulation of epiphyseal chondrocyte proliferation exerted by GH and IGF-1. Dexamethasone administration on long bone tissue in vitro resulted in a decrease of local synthesis of IGF-1. Similar counteractive effects are expected in humans. If systemic or inhaled glucocorticoid therapy is required, the steroid dose should be carefully adjusted and growth rate monitored. [8314] [8315] Meclofenamate Sodium: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Mefenamic Acid: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Mefloquine: (Moderate) Use mefloquine with caution if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary as concurrent use may decrease mefloquine exposure and efficacy. Mefloquine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [28301] [32074] [69153] Meglitinides: (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving antidiabetic agents closely for worsening glycemic control when corticosteroids are instituted and for signs of hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are discontinued. Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids are known to increase blood glucose and worsen glycemic control in patients taking antidiabetic agents. The main risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids are the dose of steroid and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [62853] Meloxicam: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Meningococcal Group B (MenB-4C) Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Meningococcal Group B (MenB-FHbp) Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Meningococcal Groups A, B, C, W, and Y Vaccine (5 valent): (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Meningococcal Groups A, C, W, and Y Vaccine (4 valent): (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Meperidine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of meperidine and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary. Consider increasing the dose of meperidine as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of meperidine and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Meperidine is a substrate of CYP3A; dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use can decrease meperidine exposure resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [51182] [69153] Mercaptopurine, 6-MP: (Minor) Concurrent use of purine analogs with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other antineoplastic agents or immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. [5504] metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] metFORMIN; Repaglinide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving antidiabetic agents closely for worsening glycemic control when corticosteroids are instituted and for signs of hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are discontinued. Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids are known to increase blood glucose and worsen glycemic control in patients taking antidiabetic agents. The main risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids are the dose of steroid and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [62853] metFORMIN; sAXagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] metFORMIN; SITagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Methadone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of methadone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary. Consider increasing the dose of methadone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of methadone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Methadone is a substrate of CYP3A, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6; dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use can decrease methadone exposure resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [33136] [69153] methazolAMIDE: (Moderate) Corticosteroids may increase the risk of hypokalemia if used concurrently with methazolamide. Hypokalemia may be especially severe with prolonged use of corticotropin, ACTH. Monitor serum potassium levels to determine the need for potassium supplementation and/or alteration in drug therapy. The chronic use of corticosteroids may augment calcium excretion with methazolamide leading to increased risk for hypocalcemia and/or osteoporosis. [5023] Methenamine; Sodium Salicylate: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Methohexital: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] Methoxsalen: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [7714] metOLazone: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Metoprolol; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] metyraPONE: (Contraindicated) Medications which affect pituitary or adrenocortical function, including all corticosteroid therapy, should be discontinued prior to and during testing with metyrapone. Patients taking inadvertent doses of corticosteroids on the test day may exhibit abnormally high basal plasma cortisol levels and a decreased response to the test. Although systemic absorption of ocular, inhaled and topical corticosteroids is minimal, temporary discontinuation of these products should be considered if possible to reduce the potential for interference with the test results. [33528] Micafungin: (Moderate) Leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia have been associated with micafungin. Patients who are taking immunosuppressives such as the corticosteroids with micafungin concomitantly may have additive risks for infection or other side effects. In a pharmacokinetic trial, micafungin had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone. Acute intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria was seen in a healthy volunteer during infusion of micafungin (200 mg) and oral prednisolone (20 mg). This reaction was transient, and the subject did not develop significant anemia. [44913] miFEPRIStone: (Major) Mifepristone for termination of pregnancy is contraindicated in patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy and mifepristone for Cushing's disease or other chronic conditions is contraindicated in patients who require concomitant treatment with systemic corticosteroids for life-saving purposes, such as serious medical conditions or illnesses (e.g., immunosuppression after organ transplantation). For other situations where corticosteroids are used for treating non-life threatening conditions, mifepristone may lead to reduced corticosteroid efficacy and exacerbation or deterioration of such conditions. This is because mifepristone exhibits antiglucocorticoid activity that may antagonize corticosteroid therapy and the stabilization of the underlying corticosteroid-treated illness. Mifepristone may also cause adrenal insufficiency, so patients receiving corticosteroids for non life-threatening illness require close monitoring. Because serum cortisol levels remain elevated and may even increase during treatment with mifepristone, serum cortisol levels do not provide an accurate assessment of hypoadrenalism. Patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, If adrenal insufficiency occurs, stop mifepristone treatment and administer systemic glucocorticoids without delay; high doses may be needed to treat these events. Factors considered in deciding on the duration of glucocorticoid treatment should include the long half-life of mifepristone (85 hours). [28003] [48697] Miglitol: (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving antidiabetic agents closely for worsening glycemic control when corticosteroids are instituted and for signs of hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are discontinued. Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids are known to increase blood glucose and worsen glycemic control in patients taking antidiabetic agents. The main risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids are the dose of steroid and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [62853] Mitotane: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with mitotane is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and mitotane is a strong CYP3A inducer. [41934] [64165] mitoXANTRONE: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [7714] Moxifloxacin: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon. [28423] [28424] [28764] [29818] [30738] [62028] [65562] Nabumetone: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound PACLitaxel: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of nab-paclitaxel if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary due to the risk of decreased plasma concentrations of paclitaxel. Nab-paclitaxel is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [30742] [69153] Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Sirolimus: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced sirolimus efficacy if sirolimus is coadministered with dexamethasone. Concomitant use may decrease sirolimus exposure. Sirolimus is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [67136] [69153] Naproxen: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Naproxen; Esomeprazole: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Natalizumab: (Major) Ordinarily, patients receiving chronic immunosuppressant therapy should not be treated with natalizumab. Treatment recommendations for combined corticosteroid therapy are dependent on the underlying indication for natalizumab therapy. Corticosteroids should be tapered in those patients with Crohn's disease who are on chronic corticosteroids when they start natalizumab therapy, as soon as a therapeutic benefit has occurred. If the patient cannot discontinue systemic corticosteroids within 6 months, discontinue natalizumab. The concomitant use of natalizumab and corticosteroids may further increase the risk of serious infections, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, over the risk observed with use of natalizumab alone. In multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical trials, an increase in infections was seen in patients concurrently receiving short courses of corticosteroids. However, the increase in infections in natalizumab-treated patients who received steroids was similar to the increase in placebo-treated patients who received steroids. Short courses of steroid use during natalizumab, such as when they are needed for MS relapse treatment, appear to be acceptable for use concurrently. [30470] [62264] Nateglinide: (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving antidiabetic agents closely for worsening glycemic control when corticosteroids are instituted and for signs of hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are discontinued. Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids are known to increase blood glucose and worsen glycemic control in patients taking antidiabetic agents. The main risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids are the dose of steroid and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [62853] Nefazodone: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of nefazodone with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and nefazodone is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [48645] [54634] [64165] Nelarabine: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [7714] Nelfinavir: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in nelfinavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and nelfinavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease nelfinavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; nelfinavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [69153] Neostigmine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of anticholinesterase agents, such as neostigmine, and systemic corticosteroids may produce severe weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. If possible, anticholinesterase agents should be withdrawn at least 24 hours before initiating systemic corticosteroid therapy. [29779] [30015] [30028] [31123] [54891] [56146] [64165] Neostigmine; Glycopyrrolate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of anticholinesterase agents, such as neostigmine, and systemic corticosteroids may produce severe weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. If possible, anticholinesterase agents should be withdrawn at least 24 hours before initiating systemic corticosteroid therapy. [29779] [30015] [30028] [31123] [54891] [56146] [64165] Netupitant, Fosnetupitant; Palonosetron: (Minor) When dexamethasone is used with netupitant; palonosetron, follow the approved dexamethasone dosage reduction: 12 mg on day 1 followed by 8 mg per day on days 2 to 4, if needed based on the emetogenic potential of the chemotherapy regimen. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and netupitant is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Concomitant use of dexamethasone and netupitant increases the systemic exposure of dexamethasone by more than 2-fold. [58171] Neuromuscular blockers: (Moderate) Limit the period of use of neuromuscular blockers and corticosteroids and only use when the specific advantages of the drugs outweigh the risks for acute myopathy. An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids in patients receiving concomitant long-term therapy with neuromuscular blockers. Clinical improvement or recovery after stopping therapy may require weeks to years. [41361] [41961] [42031] [43319] [54278] [60760] [61750] [61937] Nevirapine: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in nevirapine efficacy during concurrent use of nevirapine and dexamethasone. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may decrease nevirapine exposure leading to potential loss of virologic control. Nevirapine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [46638] [69153] niMODipine: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of nimodipine if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary as concomitant use may decrease plasma concentrations of nimodipine. Nimodipine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [29082] [69153] Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir: (Moderate) Monitor for a diminished response to nirmatrelvir if concomitant use of dexamethasone is necessary. Concomitant use of nirmatrelvir and dexamethasone may reduce the therapeutic effect of nirmatrelvir. Nirmatrelvir is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A inducer. [67203] [69153] (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in ritonavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and ritonavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease ritonavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; ritonavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [47165] [69153] Nisoldipine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of nisoldipine with dexamethasone as concurrent use may decrease nisoldipine exposure and efficacy. Alternative antihypertensive therapy should be considered. Nisoldipine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A inducer. Coadministration with a strong CYP3A inducer lowered nisoldipine plasma concentrations to undetectable levels. [29088] [69153] Non-Live Vaccines: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Norethindrone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Norgestimate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Ocrelizumab: (Moderate) Ocrelizumab has not been studied in combination with other immunosuppressive or immune modulating therapies used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, including immunosuppressant doses of corticosteroids. Concomitant use of ocrelizumab with any of these therapies may increase the risk of immunosuppression. Monitor patients carefully for signs and symptoms of infection. [61838] Ocrelizumab; Hyaluronidase: (Moderate) Ocrelizumab has not been studied in combination with other immunosuppressive or immune modulating therapies used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, including immunosuppressant doses of corticosteroids. Concomitant use of ocrelizumab with any of these therapies may increase the risk of immunosuppression. Monitor patients carefully for signs and symptoms of infection. [61838] Ofatumumab: (Moderate) Concomitant use of ofatumumab with corticosteroids may increase the risk of immunosuppression. Monitor patients carefully for signs and symptoms of infection. Ofatumumab has not been studied in combination with other immunosuppressive or immune modulating therapies used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, including immunosuppressant doses of corticosteroids. [65850] Ofloxacin: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon. [28423] [28424] [28764] [29818] [30738] [62028] [65562] Olmesartan; amLODIPine; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Olmesartan; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Oxaprozin: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] oxyCODONE: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of oxycodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of oxycodone as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of oxycodone and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Oxycodone is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease oxycodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [39926] [69153] Oxymetholone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of oxymetholone with corticosteroids or corticotropin, ACTH may cause increased edema. Manage edema with diuretic and/or digitalis therapy. [48342] PACLitaxel: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of paclitaxel if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary due to the risk of decreased plasma concentrations of paclitaxel. Paclitaxel is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [29200] [69153] Pancuronium: (Moderate) Limit the period of use of neuromuscular blockers and corticosteroids and only use when the specific advantages of the drugs outweigh the risks for acute myopathy. An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids in patients receiving concomitant long-term therapy with neuromuscular blockers. Clinical improvement or recovery after stopping therapy may require weeks to years. [41361] [41961] [42031] [43319] [54278] [60760] [61750] [61937] Pegaspargase: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in glucocorticoid-related adverse reactions such as hyperglycemia and osteonecrosis during concomitant use of pegaspargase and glucocorticoids. [61310] penicillAMINE: (Major) Agents such as immunosuppressives have adverse reactions similar to those of penicillamine. Concomitant use of penicillamine with these agents is contraindicated because of the increased risk of developing severe hematologic and renal toxicity. [5567] PENTobarbital: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] Pentostatin: (Minor) Concurrent use of purine analogs with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other antineoplastic agents or immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. [5504] PHENobarbital: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] PHENobarbital; Hyoscyamine; Atropine; Scopolamine: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Phenytoin: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with phenytoin/fosphenytoin is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and phenytoin is a strong CYP3A inducer. [56579] [64165] Photosensitizing agents (topical): (Minor) Corticosteroids administered prior to or concomitantly with photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy may decrease the efficacy of the treatment. [6625] PHYSostigmine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of anticholinesterase agents, such as physostigmine, and systemic corticosteroids may produce severe weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. If possible, withdraw anticholinesterase inhibitors at least 24 hours before initiating corticosteroid therapy. [29779] [30015] [30028] [31123] [56146] [64165] Pimozide: (Moderate) According to the manufacturer of pimozide, the drug should not be coadministered with drugs known to cause electrolyte imbalances, such as high-dose, systemic corticosteroid therapy. Pimozide is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), and electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia) may increase the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias. Pimozide is contraindicated in patients with known hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia. Topical corticosteroids are less likely to interact. [28225] [43463] Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazolidinedione use; a thiazolidinedione dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Pioglitazone; Glimepiride: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and sulfonylurea use; a sulfonylurea dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazolidinedione use; a thiazolidinedione dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Pioglitazone; metFORMIN: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and metformin use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [28550] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazolidinedione use; a thiazolidinedione dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Piroxicam: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Pneumococcal Vaccine, Polyvalent: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Ponesimod: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of infection. Additive immune suppression may result from concomitant use of ponesimod and high-dose corticosteroid therapy which may extend the duration or severity of immune suppression. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. [66527] Posaconazole: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of posaconazole with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and posaconazole is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [56579] [64165] Potassium-sparing diuretics: (Minor) The manufacturer of spironolactone lists corticosteroids as a potential drug that interacts with spironolactone. Intensified electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia, may occur. However, potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone do not induce hypokalemia. In fact, hypokalemia is one of the indications for potassium-sparing diuretic therapy. Therefore, drugs that induce potassium loss, such as corticosteroids, could counter the hyperkalemic effects of potassium-sparing diuretics. [26417] [29016] [30011] Pramlintide: (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving antidiabetic agents closely for worsening glycemic control when corticosteroids are instituted and for signs of hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are discontinued. Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids are known to increase blood glucose and worsen glycemic control in patients taking antidiabetic agents. The main risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids are the dose of steroid and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [62853] Prasterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA (Dietary Supplements): (Moderate) Corticosteroids blunt the adrenal secretion of endogenous DHEA and DHEAS, resulting in reduced DHEA and DHEAS serum concentrations. [2460] Prasterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA (FDA-approved): (Moderate) Corticosteroids blunt the adrenal secretion of endogenous DHEA and DHEAS, resulting in reduced DHEA and DHEAS serum concentrations. [2460] Prilocaine; EPINEPHrine: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and epinephrine use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Corticosteroids may potentiate the hypokalemic effects of epinephrine. [26417] [56575] Primidone: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) The therapeutic effect of phenylephrine may be increased in patient receiving corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone. Monitor patients for increased pressor effect if these agents are administered concomitantly. [54374] [57578] Propranolol: (Moderate) Monitor blood sugar during concomitant corticosteroid and propranolol use due to risk for hypoglycemia. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia because of loss of the counter-regulatory cortisol response. [56853] Purine analogs: (Minor) Concurrent use of purine analogs with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other antineoplastic agents or immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. [5504] pyRIDostigmine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of anticholinesterase agents, such as pyridostigmine, and corticosteroids may produce severe weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. If possible, anticholinesterase agents should be withdrawn at least 24 hours before initiating corticosteroid therapy. [29779] [30015] [30028] [31123] [34253] [56146] [64002] [64165] Quinapril; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Quinolones: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon. [28423] [28424] [28764] [29818] [30738] [62028] [65562] Rabies Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Regular Insulin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Regular Insulin; Isophane Insulin (NPH): (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and insulin use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Relugolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Repaglinide: (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving antidiabetic agents closely for worsening glycemic control when corticosteroids are instituted and for signs of hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are discontinued. Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids are known to increase blood glucose and worsen glycemic control in patients taking antidiabetic agents. The main risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids are the dose of steroid and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [62853] Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Ribociclib: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of ribociclib with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and ribociclib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [61816] [64165] Ribociclib; Letrozole: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of ribociclib with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and ribociclib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [61816] [64165] rifAMPin: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with rifampin is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifampin is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. [56579] [64165] Rifapentine: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with rifapentine is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifapentine is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. [28483] [64165] Rilpivirine: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of dexamethasone (more than 1 dose) and rilpivirine is contraindicated. Concomitant use may decrease the exposure and efficacy of rilpivirine leading to potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is an inducer of CYP3A4. [44376] [46638] [54286] [69153] Ritonavir: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in ritonavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and ritonavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease ritonavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; ritonavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [47165] [69153] riTUXimab: (Moderate) Rituximab and corticosteroids are commonly used together; however, monitor the patient for immunosuppression and signs and symptoms of infection during combined chronic therapy. [30943] [49773] [56233] riTUXimab; Hyaluronidase: (Moderate) Rituximab and corticosteroids are commonly used together; however, monitor the patient for immunosuppression and signs and symptoms of infection during combined chronic therapy. [30943] [49773] [56233] Rocuronium: (Moderate) Limit the period of use of neuromuscular blockers and corticosteroids and only use when the specific advantages of the drugs outweigh the risks for acute myopathy. An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids in patients receiving concomitant long-term therapy with neuromuscular blockers. Clinical improvement or recovery after stopping therapy may require weeks to years. [41361] [41961] [42031] [43319] [54278] [60760] [61750] [61937] Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazolidinedione use; a thiazolidinedione dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Rotavirus Vaccine: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Salicylates: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Salsalate: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and salicylate use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. In patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids and chronic use of salicylates, withdrawal of corticosteroids may result in salicylism because corticosteroids enhance renal clearance of salicylates and their withdrawal is followed by return to normal rates of renal clearance. [24574] [28502] Saquinavir: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in saquinavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and saquinavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease saquinavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; saquinavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [28995] [46638] [69153] Sargramostim, GM-CSF: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sargramostim and systemic corticosteroid agents due to the risk of additive myeloproliferative effects. If coadministration of these drugs is required, frequently monitor patients for clinical and laboratory signs of excess myeloproliferative effects (e.g., leukocytosis). Sargramostim is a recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor that works by promoting proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. [61087] SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccines: (Moderate) Patients receiving corticosteroids in greater than physiologic doses may have a diminished response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine. Counsel patients receiving corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus after receiving the vaccine. [65107] [66080] SARS-CoV-2 Virus (COVID-19) Adenovirus Vector Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving corticosteroids in greater than physiologic doses may have a diminished response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine. Counsel patients receiving corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus after receiving the vaccine. [65107] [66080] SARS-CoV-2 Virus (COVID-19) mRNA Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving corticosteroids in greater than physiologic doses may have a diminished response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine. Counsel patients receiving corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus after receiving the vaccine. [65107] [66080] SARS-CoV-2 Virus (COVID-19) Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving corticosteroids in greater than physiologic doses may have a diminished response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine. Counsel patients receiving corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus after receiving the vaccine. [65107] [66080] sAXagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Secobarbital: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with barbiturates is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and barbiturates are strong CYP3A inducers. [64165] Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse events if corticosteroids are used with estrogens. Concurrent use may increase the exposure of corticosteroids. Estrogens may decrease the hepatic clearance of corticosteroids thereby increasing their effect. [29779] [54049] Semaglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and incretin mimetic use; an incretin mimetic dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] SGLT2 Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Sildenafil: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of sildenafil if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary as concurrent use may decrease sildenafil exposure. Sildenafil is a sensitive CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Population pharmacokinetic analysis indicates an approximately 3-fold increase in sildenafil clearance with concomitant use of weak CYP3A inducers. [31697] [69153] Sirolimus: (Moderate) Monitor sirolimus concentrations and adjust sirolimus dosage as appropriate during concomitant use of dexamethasone. Concomitant use may decrease sirolimus exposure and efficacy. Sirolimus is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [28610] [69153] SITagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use; a DPP-4 dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Smallpox and Mpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine, Live: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Sodium Benzoate; Sodium Phenylacetate: (Moderate) Corticosteroids may cause protein breakdown, which could lead to elevated blood ammonia concentrations, especially in patients with an impaired ability to form urea. Corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients receiving treatment for hyperammonemia. [8083] Sodium Phenylbutyrate: (Moderate) The concurrent use of corticosteroids with sodium phenylbutyrate may increase plasma ammonia levels (hyperammonemia) by causing the breakdown of body protein. Patients with urea cycle disorders being treated with sodium phenylbutyrate usually should not receive regular treatment with corticosteroids. [57685] Sodium Phenylbutyrate; Taurursodiol: (Moderate) The concurrent use of corticosteroids with sodium phenylbutyrate may increase plasma ammonia levels (hyperammonemia) by causing the breakdown of body protein. Patients with urea cycle disorders being treated with sodium phenylbutyrate usually should not receive regular treatment with corticosteroids. [57685] Somapacitan: (Moderate) Patients treated with glucocorticoid replacement for hypoadrenalism may require an increase in their maintenance or stress steroid doses following initiation of somapacitan. Monitor for signs/symptoms of reduced serum cortisol concentrations. Growth hormone (GH) inhibits 11betaHSD-1. Consequently, patients with untreated GH deficiency have relative increases in 11betaHSD-1 and serum cortisol. The initiation of somapacitan may result in inhibition of 11betaHSD-1 and reduced serum cortisol concentrations. [65878] Somatrogon: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in serum cortisol concentrations and corticosteroid efficacy during concurrent use of corticosteroids and somatrogon. Patients treated with glucocorticoid replacement for hypoadrenalism may require an increase in their maintenance or stress steroid doses following initiation of somatrogon. Additionally, supraphysiologic glucocorticoid treatment may attenuate the growth promoting effects of somatrogon. Carefully adjust glucocorticoid replacement dosing to avoid hypoadrenalism and an inhibitory effect on growth. [69144] Somatropin, rh-GH: (Moderate) Corticosteroids can retard bone growth and therefore, can inhibit the growth-promoting effects of somatropin. If corticosteroid therapy is required, the corticosteroid dose should be carefully adjusted. [6807] Sotagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and SGLT2 inhibitor use; a SGLT2 inhibitor dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Spironolactone: (Minor) The manufacturer of spironolactone lists corticosteroids as a potential drug that interacts with spironolactone. Intensified electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia, may occur. However, potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone do not induce hypokalemia. In fact, hypokalemia is one of the indications for potassium-sparing diuretic therapy. Therefore, drugs that induce potassium loss, such as corticosteroids, could counter the hyperkalemic effects of potassium-sparing diuretics. [26417] [29016] [30011] Spironolactone; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] (Minor) The manufacturer of spironolactone lists corticosteroids as a potential drug that interacts with spironolactone. Intensified electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia, may occur. However, potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone do not induce hypokalemia. In fact, hypokalemia is one of the indications for potassium-sparing diuretic therapy. Therefore, drugs that induce potassium loss, such as corticosteroids, could counter the hyperkalemic effects of potassium-sparing diuretics. [26417] [29016] [30011] St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of dexamethasone if coadministration with St. John's wort is necessary; consider increasing the dose of dexamethasone if clinically appropriate. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and St. John's wort is a strong CYP3A inducer. [56579] [64165] Succinylcholine: (Moderate) Limit the period of use of neuromuscular blockers and corticosteroids and only use when the specific advantages of the drugs outweigh the risks for acute myopathy. An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids in patients receiving concomitant long-term therapy with neuromuscular blockers. Clinical improvement or recovery after stopping therapy may require weeks to years. [41361] [41961] [42031] [43319] [54278] [60760] [61750] [61937] SUFentanil: (Moderate) Because the dose of the sufentanil sublingual tablets cannot be titrated, consider an alternate opiate if dexamethasone must be administered. Monitor for reduced efficacy of sufentanil injection and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of sufentanil injection as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of sufentanil injection and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Sufentanil is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease sufentanil concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [30966] [63731] [69153] Sulfonylureas: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and sulfonylurea use; a sulfonylurea dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Sulindac: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] SUMAtriptan; Naproxen: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Tacrolimus: (Moderate) Monitor tacrolimus serum concentrations as appropriate if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; a tacrolimus dose adjustment may be needed. Concurrent administration may decrease tacrolimus concentrations. Tacrolimus is a sensitive CYP3A substrate with a narrow therapeutic range; dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. [28611] [69153] Telmisartan; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Temsirolimus: (Major) Avoid coadministration of temsirolimus with dexamethasone due to the risk of decreased plasma concentrations of the primary active metabolite of temsirolimus (sirolimus). If concomitant use is unavoidable, consider increasing the dose of temsirolimus from 25 mg per week up to 50 mg per week. If dexamethasone is discontinued, decrease the dose of temsirolimus to the dose used before initiation of dexamethasone. Temsirolimus is a CYP3A4 substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 inducer. [50586] Testosterone: (Moderate) Monitor for fluid retention during concurrent corticosteroid and testosterone use. Concurrent use may result in increased fluid retention. [33698] Thalidomide: (Moderate) Coadministration of dexamethasone with thalidomide should be employed cautiously, as toxic epidermal necrolysis has been reported with concomitant use. [8844] Thiazide diuretics: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Thiazolidinediones: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazolidinedione use; a thiazolidinedione dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Thioguanine, 6-TG: (Minor) Concurrent use of purine analogs with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other antineoplastic agents or immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. [5504] Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy may have a diminished response to vaccines. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuation. If vaccine administration is necessary, consider revaccination following restoration of immune competence. Counsel patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure after receiving the vaccine. [60092] [65107] Tipranavir: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions and a decrease in tipranavir efficacy if concomitant use of dexamethasone and tipranavir is necessary. If long term coadministration is required, consider using an alternative corticosteroid, such as prednisone or prednisolone. Concomitant use may increase dexamethasone concentrations and decrease tipranavir exposure. Dexamethasone is a CYP3A substrate and CYP3A inducer; tipranavir is a CYP3A substrate and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [46638] [69153] Tirzepatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant corticosteroid and incretin mimetic use; an incretin mimetic dose adjustment may be necessary. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations. Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance due to corticosteroids include the corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatic glucose production and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake into muscle and fatty tissues, producing insulin resistance. Decreased insulin production may occur in the pancreas due to a direct effect on pancreatic beta cells. [28032] [30585] [51002] [51324] [62853] Tolmetin: (Moderate) Monitor for gastrointestinal toxicity during concurrent corticosteroid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of GI bleeding. [24574] [29611] [35893] Toremifene: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in toremifene efficacy during concurrent use of toremifene and dexamethasone. Concomitant use may decrease toremifene exposure. Toremifene is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a CYP3A inducer. [28822] Torsemide: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and loop diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and loop diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [28429] [29779] traMADol: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [32475] [40255] [51440] [69153] Tramadol; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. [32475] [40255] [51440] [69153] Tretinoin, ATRA: (Minor) Because systemically administered corticosteroids exhibit immunosuppressive effects when given in high doses and/or for extended periods, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents. [7714] Triamterene: (Minor) The manufacturer of spironolactone lists corticosteroids as a potential drug that interacts with spironolactone. Intensified electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia, may occur. However, potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone do not induce hypokalemia. In fact, hypokalemia is one of the indications for potassium-sparing diuretic therapy. Therefore, drugs that induce potassium loss, such as corticosteroids, could counter the hyperkalemic effects of potassium-sparing diuretics. [26417] [29016] [30011] Triamterene; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] (Minor) The manufacturer of spironolactone lists corticosteroids as a potential drug that interacts with spironolactone. Intensified electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia, may occur. However, potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone do not induce hypokalemia. In fact, hypokalemia is one of the indications for potassium-sparing diuretic therapy. Therefore, drugs that induce potassium loss, such as corticosteroids, could counter the hyperkalemic effects of potassium-sparing diuretics. [26417] [29016] [30011] Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative, PPD: (Moderate) Immunosuppressives may decrease the immunological response to tuberculin purified protein derivative, PPD. This suppressed reactivity can persist for up to 6 weeks after treatment discontinuation. Consider deferring the skin test until completion of the immunosuppressive therapy. [43298] [43299] Tucatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of tucatinib with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Tucatinib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor and dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [64165] [65295] Typhoid Vaccine: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Ubrogepant: (Major) Increase the initial and second dose of ubrogepant to 100 mg if coadministered with dexamethasone as concurrent use may decrease ubrogepant exposure and reduce its efficacy. Ubrogepant is a CYP3A4 substrate; dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. [64874] [69153] Ulipristal: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ulipristal with dexamethasone. Concomitant use may decrease the plasma concentration and effectiveness of ulipristal. Ulipristal is a substrate of CYP3A and dexamethasone is a CYP3A inducer. [41569] [69153] Valsartan; hydroCHLOROthiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor potassium concentrations during concomitant corticosteroid and thiazide diuretic use due to risk for additive hypokalemia; potassium supplementation may be necessary. Both corticosteroids and thiazide diuretics cause increased renal potassium loss. [26417] [29779] Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine, Live: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Vecuronium: (Moderate) Limit the period of use of neuromuscular blockers and corticosteroids and only use when the specific advantages of the drugs outweigh the risks for acute myopathy. An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids in patients receiving concomitant long-term therapy with neuromuscular blockers. Clinical improvement or recovery after stopping therapy may require weeks to years. [41361] [41961] [42031] [43319] [54278] [60760] [61750] [61937] Vigabatrin: (Major) Vigabatrin should not be used with corticosteroids, which are associated with serious ophthalmic effects (e.g., retinopathy or glaucoma) unless the benefit of treatment clearly outweighs the risks. [36250] Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of clarithromycin with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and clarithromycin is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [56579] [64165] Voriconazole: (Moderate) Monitor for steroid-related adverse reactions if coadministration of voriconazole with dexamethasone is necessary, due to increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression could potentially occur with long-term use. Consider the use of corticosteroids such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A inhibitors, especially for long-term use. Dexamethasone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and voriconazole is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Another strong CYP3A inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [56579] [64165] Vorinostat: (Moderate) Use vorinostat and corticosteroids together with caution; the risk of QT prolongation and arrhythmias may be increased if electrolyte abnormalities occur. Corticosteroids may cause electrolyte imbalances; hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, or hypocalcemia and may increase the risk of QT prolongation with vorinostat. Frequently monitor serum electrolytes if concomitant use of these drugs is necessary. [26417] [32789] Warfarin: (Moderate) Monitor the INR if warfarin is administered with corticosteroids. The effect of corticosteroids on warfarin is variable. There are reports of enhanced as well as diminished effects of anticoagulants when given concurrently with corticosteroids; however, limited published data exist, and the mechanism of the interaction is not well described. High-dose corticosteroids appear to pose a greater risk for increased anticoagulant effect. In addition, corticosteroids have been associated with a risk of peptic ulcer and gastrointestinal bleeding. [28549] [29779] Yellow Fever Vaccine, Live: (Contraindicated) Avoid the administration of live virus vaccines with high-dose corticosteroid therapy and for at least 1 month following treatment. High-dose corticosteroid therapy is generally defined as a dose of at least 20 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (or 2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing less than 10 kg) for at least 14 consecutive days. When feasible, administer indicated live virus vaccines at least 4 weeks before planned high-dose corticosteroid therapy or wait at least 1 month after discontinuation. Patients with altered immunocompetence may be at increased risk for severe adverse reactions due to uninhibited growth of the attenuated live virus. Additionally, vaccine efficacy may be diminished in patients receiving any supraphysiologic dose of corticosteroid. [60092] [65107] Zafirlukast: (Minor) Zafirlukast inhibits the CYP3A4 isoenzymes and should be used cautiously in patients stabilized on drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, such as corticosteroids. [4718] [4948]
      Revision Date: 10/04/2024, 03:38:00 AM

      References

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      Monitoring Parameters

      • blood glucose
      • blood pressure
      • intraocular pressure
      • ophthalmologic exam
      • pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
      • serum cortisol
      • serum potassium

      US Drug Names

      • AK-Dex
      • Baycadron
      • CUSHINGS SYNDROME DIAGNOSTIC
      • Dalalone
      • Dalalone D.P
      • Dalalone L.A
      • Decadron
      • Decadron-LA
      • DEX24
      • Dexabliss
      • Dexacort PH Turbinaire
      • Dexacort Respihaler
      • DexPak Jr TaperPak
      • DexPak TaperPak
      • Dextenza
      • DEXYCU
      • DoubleDex
      • Dxevo
      • Hemady
      • HiDex
      • Maxidex
      • Ocu-Dex
      • Ozurdex
      • ReadySharp Dexamethasone
      • Simplist Dexamethasone
      • Solurex
      • TaperDex
      • ZCORT
      • Zema-Pak
      • ZoDex
      • ZonaCort 11 Day
      • ZonaCort 7 Day
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