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Maintain optimal glycemic control; minimize cardiovascular risk factors
System-specific management
For obese patients, weight loss is beneficial for overall diabetes management and has been shown to reverse progression of cardiac autonomic neuropathyr53 as well as incontinence associated with overactive bladderr24
Physiologic maneuvers to mitigate effects of orthostatic hypotension
Dietary modification including frequent small meals, low in fat (less than 40 g/day)r46 and fiber, may relieve symptoms of gastroparesis r9c152c153c154
Behavioral modifications may be helpful for patients with bladder dysfunction, including the following: r7
Other bladder management techniques r7
Vacuum devices for erectile dysfunction r55
Patients with extensive anhidrosis should be educated about the risks for hyperthermia and heat stroke r46c164c165