Careplan

    Fever (Pediatric Inpatient)

    Nov.18.2020

    Fever (Pediatric Inpatient)

    Clinical Description

    • Care of the hospitalized child experiencing elevated body temperature.

    Key Information

    • Core temperature monitoring (intravascular, esophageal, bladder) is most accurate. If noncore monitoring is used, only oral and rectal electronic measurement should be used to support clinical decision-making, based on current evidence.
    • Fever has a protective role with infection; however, it has been proven harmful in the presence of septic shock or cerebral damage. It may be harmful for children with heart failure, respiratory comorbidity, hemodynamic instability or neuropsychiatric disorder.
    • Recommendations vary regarding temperature value at which antipyretic pharmacologic therapy or active cooling method should be initiated. Management should be individualized by baseline temperature and symptoms.
    • Febrile seizures are felt to be caused by genetic susceptibility. Use of antipyretic medication does not prevent seizures.

    Clinical Goals

    By transition of care

    A. The patient will achieve the following goals:
    • Body Temperature in Desired Range

    B. Patient, family or significant other will teach back or demonstrate education topics and points:
    • Education: Overview
    • Education: Self Management
    • Education: When to Seek Medical Attention

    Correlate Health Status

    • Correlate health status to:

      • history, comorbidity, congenital anomaly
      • age, developmental level
      • sex, gender identity
      • baseline assessment data
      • physiologic status
      • response to medication and interventions
      • psychosocial status, social determinants of health
      • barriers to accessing care and services
      • child and family/caregiver:
        • health literacy
        • cultural and spiritual preferences
      • safety risks
      • family interaction
      • plan for transition of care

    Fever

    Signs/Symptoms/Presentation

    • agitation
    • diaphoresis
    • irritability
    • lethargic
    • level of consciousness decreased
    • seizure activity
    • shivering
    • skin flushed
    • skin pale
    • skin warm to touch

    Vital Signs

    • heart rate increased
    • respiratory rate increased
    • blood pressure increased or decreased
    • core body temperature elevated

    Problem Intervention

    Promote Normothermia

    • Identify and address underlying cause.
    • Monitor body temperature and trend; manage variability.
    • Provide optimal hydration; consider increased need due to insensible loss.
    • Administer antipyretic medication to reduce temperature and discomfort.
    • Encourage sleep/rest to minimize oxygen and metabolic demand.
    • Provide oxygen therapy judiciously, if hypoxemia present.
    • Provide comfort measures; adjust environment to minimize body temperature (e.g., offer cool cloths, encourage lightweight clothing and covers, reduce room temperature, increase air circulation, decrease stimulation).
    • Consider active cooling measures (e.g., external-cooling device, tepid sponge or tub bath, internal-cooling method); cool gradually to avoid shivering.

    Associated Documentation

    • Fever Reduction/Comfort Measures

    Education

    CPG-Specific Education Topics

    Overview

    • description

    Self Management

    • fever reduction measures

    • fluid intake

    • provider follow-up

    When to Seek Medical Attention

    • unresolved/worsening symptoms

    General Education Topics

    General Education

    • admission, transition of care

    • orientation to care setting, routine

    • advance care planning

    • diagnostic tests/procedures

    • diet modification

    • opioid medication management

    • oral health

    • medication management

    • pain assessment process

    • safe medication disposal

    • tobacco use, smoke exposure

    • treatment plan

    Safety Education

    • call light use

    • equipment/home supplies

    • fall prevention

    • harm prevention

    • infection prevention

    • MDRO (multidrug-resistant organism) care

    • personal health information

    • resources for support

    References

    • Barbi, E.; Marzuillo, P.; Neri, E.; Naviglio, S.; Krauss, B. S.. Fever in children: Pearls and pitfalls. Children (Basel, Switzerland). 2017;4(9) doi:10.3390/children4090081 [Review Articles,Expert/Committee Opinion,Core Curriculum,Position Statements,Practice Bulletins]
    • Chiappini, E.; Venturini, E.; Remaschi, G.; Principi, N.; Longhi, R.; Tovo, P.; Becherucci, P.; Bonsignori, F.; Esposito, S.; Festini, F.; Galli, L.; Lucchesi, B.; Mugelli, A.; Marseglia, G. L.; de Martino, M. 2016 update of the Italian pediatric society guidelines for management of fever in children. Journal of Pediatrics. 2017;180, 177-183.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.043 [Quality Measures,Clinical Practice Guidelines]
    • Kiekkas, P.; Aretha, D.; Almpani, E.; Stefanopoulos, N.. Temporal artery thermometry in pediatric patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2019;46, 89-99. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2019.03.004 [Metasynthesis,Systematic Review]
    • Lim, J.; Kim, J.; Moon, B.; Kim, G.. Tepid massage for febrile children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2018;24(5), 1-11. doi:10.1111/ijn.12649 [Metasynthesis,Systematic Review]
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2019). Fever in under 5's: assessment and initial management . Source[Clinical Practice Guidelines]
    • Nettina, S. M. (2019). Lippincott manual of nursing practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [Review Articles,Expert/Committee Opinion,Core Curriculum,Position Statements,Practice Bulletins]
    • Offringa, M.; Newton, R. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;(4) doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003031.pub2 [Metasynthesis,Meta-analysis,Systematic Review]
    • Offringa, M.; Newton, R. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;(4) doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003031.pub2 [Metasynthesis,Meta-analysis,Systematic Review]
    • Ryan-Wenger, N. A.; Sims, M. A.; Patton, R. A.; Williamson, J.. Selection of the most accurate thermometer devices for clinical practice: Part 1: Meta-analysis of the accuracy of non-core thermometer devices compared to core body temperature. Pediatric Nursing. 2018;44(3), 116-133. [Metasynthesis,Meta-analysis,Systematic Review]
    • Ryan-Wenger, N. A.; Sims, M. A.; Patton, R. A.; Williamson, J.. Selection of the most accurate thermometer devices for clinical practice: Part 1: Meta-analysis of the accuracy of non-core thermometer devices compared to core body temperature. Pediatric Nursing. 2018;44(3), 116-133. [Metasynthesis,Meta-analysis,Systematic Review]
    • Shi, D.; Zhang, L.; Li, H.. Diagnostic test accuracy of new generation tympanic thermometry in children under different cutoffs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Pediatrics. 2020;20, 1-10. doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02097-7 [Meta-analysis,Systematic Review]
    • Trippella, G.; Ciarcia, M.; de Martino, M.; Chiappini, E.. Prescribing controversies: an updated review and meta-analysis on combined/alternating use of Ibuprophen and Paracetamol in febrile children. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2019;7(217), 1-14. doi:10.3389/fped.2019.00217 [Meta-analysis,Systematic Review]
    • Wong, T.; Stang, A. S.; Ganshorn, H.; Hartling, L.; Maconochie, I. K.; Thomsen, A. M.; Johnson, D. W. Combined and alternating paracetamol and ibuprofen therapy for febrile children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;(10) doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009572.pub2 [Metasynthesis,Meta-analysis,Systematic Review]

    Disclaimer

    Clinical Practice Guidelines represent a consistent/standardized approach to the care of patients with specific diagnoses. Care should always be individualized by adding patient specific information to the Plan of Care.

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