Local injection site reaction was the most commonly reported adverse reaction after COVID-19 vaccine administration during clinical trials. In general, the rates and severity of the reactions were slightly higher after the second dose compared to after the first.[66080] [66120] [66904] [67085] [67339] After Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine administration, pain (66.1% to 86.2%), erythema or redness (5% to 18.5%), and swelling (4.9% to 16.4%) at the injection site were reported during clinical trials. About one-third of patients 12 to 55 years (30.9% to 44.7%) who received the vaccine reported pain that either interfered with daily activity or prevented it; the percentage of patients reporting this degree of pain was lower in patients 5 to 11 years (15.2% to 18.1%) and 56 years and older (14.9% to 19.2%). Redness and swelling occurred more frequently in patients 5 to 11 years (14.7% to 18.5% and 10.5% to 16.4%, respectively) compared to patients 12 years and older (5% to 7.2% and 4.9% and 7.8%, respectively). The mean duration of pain at the injection site after dose 2 was 2.3 to 2.5 days (range 1 to 70 days), for redness 2.2 to 3 days (range 1 to 34 days), and for swelling 1.9 to 2.6 days (range 1 to 34 days). After the booster dose, the mean duration of pain at the injection site for patients 5 to 11 years was 2.4 days (range 1 to 35 days), for redness 2.3 days (range 1 to 12 days), and for swelling 2.3 days (range 1 to 9 days). After the booster dose, the mean duration of pain at the injection site for patients 18 to 55 years was 2.6 days (range 1 to 8 days), for redness 2.2 days (range 1 to 15 days), and for swelling 2.2 days (range 1 to 8 days).[66080] [66904] [67085] After Moderna COVID-19 vaccine administration, pain at the injection site was reported in 92% of patients. The highest rates of pain were in patients 18 to 64 years after dose 2, with 89.9% reporting pain and 4.6% reporting that it prevented daily activity and required the use of pain relievers. Erythema or redness (2.4% to 9%) and swelling or hardness (4.5% to 12.7%) were reported in patients 18 years and older. Axillary swelling or tenderness was more common after the second dose in both age groups (18 to 64 years: 16.2% after dose 2, 11.6% after dose 1 and 65 years and older: 8.5% after dose 2, 6.1% after dose 1). Most local reactions lasted 1 to 3 days.[66120] [66199] [67339] Patients who have received dermal fillers may develop swelling at or near the site of filler injection (usually face or lips) after mRNA COVID-19 vaccine administration. It appears to be temporary and can resolve with medical treatment, including corticosteroid therapy. These patients may receive mRNA COVID-19 vaccines without additional precautions; however, they should be advised to contact their health care provider if they develop swelling at or near the site of dermal filler after vaccination.[66175]

During clinical trials, fatigue (33.6% to 67.8%), headache (22.4% to 64.5%), and malaise (0.1% to 0.5%) occurred after administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. The rates and severity of the reactions were generally higher after the second dose compared to the first dose.[66080] [66120] [66904] [67085] [67339] In patients who received the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, fatigue was more frequently reported in patients 12 to 55 years (49.4% to 66.2%) compared to patients 5 to 11 years (33.6% to 39.4%) and patients 56 years and older (33.7% to 51%). Mild fatigue (not interfering with activity) was more frequent in patients 5 to 11 years (21.4% to 22% vs. 11.3% to 17.3% moderate) and patients 56 years and older (20.7% to 21% vs. 8.2% to 12.9% moderate). In contrast, patients 12 to 55 years reported moderate fatigue (causing some interference with activity) more frequently (12 to 15 years: 34.1% to 42.7% vs. 21.1% to 24.7% mild; 16 to 55 years: 21.7% to 35.4% vs. 20.8% to 26.2% mild). Headache was also more common in patients 12 to 55 years (43.5% to 64.5%) compared to patients 5 to 11 years (22.4% to 28%) and patients 56 years and older (25% to 39.4%). The incidence of fatigue and headache after a booster dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in patients 5 to 11 years (45.6% and 34%, respectively) and 18 to 55 years (63.7% and 48.4%, respectively) was similar to that seen after the second dose of the primary series. Dizziness and syncope were reported during postmarketing experience.[66080] [66904] [67085] In Moderna COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, fatigue (70%) was the most frequently reported systemic adverse reaction. The highest incidence of fatigue was reported by patients 18 to 64 years after the second dose, with 67.8% reporting any fatigue, 10.7% reporting fatigue that prevented daily activities, and 1 case requiring an emergency room visit or hospitalization. Headache was reported by approximately twice as many patients after the second dose in both age groups (18 to 64 years: 63% after dose 2, 35.3% after dose 1 and 65 years and older: 46.3% after dose 2, 24.5% after dose 1). The incidence of fatigue and headache after a booster dose of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (53.5% to 67.7% and 39.5% to 56.1%, respectively) was similar to that seen after the second dose of the primary series.[66120] [67339]

Musculoskeletal adverse reactions reported during COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials include muscle pain or myalgia (9.1% to 61.7%) and/or joint pain or arthralgia (3.3% to 45.6%).[66080] [66120] [66904] [67085][67339] New or worsened muscle pain (9.1% to 11.7%) and joint pain (3.3% to 5.2%) were reported less frequently in patients 5 to 11 years compared to patients 16 years and older. In patients 12 to 15 years of age, new or worsened muscle pain was reported in about one-third of patients (32.4%) after the second Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine dose compared to 24.1% after the first dose. A similar number of patients 16 to 55 years (39.3% after dose 2, 22.9% after dose 1) and 56 years or older (28.9% after dose 2, 13.6% after dose 1) reported new or worsened muscle pain. Moderate to severe muscle pain (causing some interference with daily activities or preventing activities) was reported after dose 2 in 18.5% of patients 12 to 15 years, 22.9% of patients 16 to 55 years, and 16.6% of patients 56 years and older. New or worsened joint pain was reported in approximately twice as many patients after the second dose compared to the first dose in patients 12 years and older (12 to 15 years: 15.8% after dose 2, 9.7% after dose 1; 16 to 55 years: 23.8% after dose 2, 11.8% after dose 1; and 56 years and older: 19% after dose 2, 8.7% after dose 1). The incidence of myalgia and arthralgia after a booster dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in patients 5 to 11 years (18.3% and 6.7%, respectively) and 18 to 55 years (39.1% and 25.3%, respectively) was similar to that seen after the second dose of the primary series.[66080] [66904] [67085] During Moderna COVID-19 clinical trials, myalgia was more common after the second dose in both age groups (18 to 64 years: 61.7% after dose 2, 23.7% after dose 1 and 65 years and older: 47.2% after dose 2, 19.7% after dose 1). Myalgia that prevented daily activity was reported in significantly more patients after the second dose (18 to 64 years: 10.1% after dose 2, 0.6% after dose 1 and 65 years and older: 5.6% after dose 2, 0.5% after dose 1). Similar to myalgia, arthralgia was more common after the second dose in both age groups (18 to 64 years: 45.6% after dose 2, 16.6% after dose 1 and 65 years and older: 35.1% after dose 2, 16.4% after dose 1). Arthralgia that prevented daily activity was reported in significantly more patients after the second dose (18 to 64 years: 5.9% after dose 2, 0.4% after dose 1 and 65 years and older: 3.4% after dose 2, 0.3% after dose 1). One case of arthralgia requiring an emergency room visit or hospitalization was reported in the vaccine group. The incidence of myalgia and arthralgia after a booster dose of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (39.5% to 41.9% and 47.4% to 49.6%, respectively) was similar to that seen after the second dose of the primary series.[66120] [67339]

During clinical trials, chills (4.6% to 48.7%) and fever (1.3% to 19.6%) occurred after administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. The rates and severity of the reactions were generally higher after the second dose compared to the first dose.[66080] [66120] [66904] [67085] [67339] In patients 5 to 15 years, fever of 101.2 degrees F (38.4 degrees C) or higher was reported in 3 times more patients after the second Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine dose (5 to 11 years: 3.1% after dose 2, 1% after dose 1; 12 to 15 years: 9.9% after dose 2, 3.6% after dose 1). In patients 16 to 55 years, fever of 101.2 degrees F (38.4 degrees C) or higher was reported in 6 times more patients after the second Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine dose (6.9% after dose 2, 1.2% after dose 1). In patients 56 years and older, fever of 101.2 degrees F (38.4 degrees C) or higher was reported in 3.3% of patients after dose 2 compared to 0.1% of patients after dose 1. In patients who received the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, chills were more frequently reported in patients 12 to 55 years (16.5% to 41.5%) compared to patients 5 to 11 years (4.6% to 9.8%) and patients 56 years and older (6.5% to 23.4%).[66080] [66904] [67085] After Moderna COVID-19 vaccine administration, fever was reported in more patients 18 to 64 years after dose 2 (17.4%) compared to dose 1 (0.9%). A fever of 102.1 degrees F (38.9 degrees C) or higher was reported by 1.7% of patients after dose 2 compared to less than 0.1% after dose 1. Significantly more patients 65 years and older also reported fever after the second dose (9.9% after dose 2, 0.3% after dose 1). A fever of 102.1 degrees F (38.9 degrees C) or higher was reported by 0.5% of patients after dose 2 compared to less than 0.1% after dose 1. The greatest incidence of chills occurred after dose 2 in patients 18 to 64 years (48.7%).[66120] [67339] The incidence of chills and fever after a booster dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine was similar to that seen after the primary series.[66080] [66120] [67085]

Adverse gastrointestinal (GI) reactions have been reported during COVID-19 vaccine trials.[66080] [66120] [66904] [67085] [67339] Diarrhea (5.3% to 10.7%), nausea (0.4% to 1.2%), and vomiting (0.5% to 2.8%) were reported during Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials. Anorexia (decreased appetite) was reported by 0.1% of patients 5 to 11 years old.[66080] [66904] [67085] During Moderna COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, nausea and/or vomiting was reported in twice as many patients 18 to 64 years after dose 2 (21.4%) compared to dose 1 (9.4%). A similar difference was seen in patients 65 years and older (11.9% after dose 2; 5.2% after dose 1). One case of intractable nausea and vomiting requiring hospitalization was reported as a serious adverse reaction in the vaccine group.[66120] [67339] The incidence of GI adverse reactions after a booster dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine was similar to that seen after the primary series.[66080] [66120] [67085]

Rare cases of myocarditis and pericarditis have been reported after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, particularly in adolescents and young adults. The observed risk is greater for males younger than 40 years of age than for females and older males and the risk is highest in males 12 to 17 years of age (Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine) and in males 18 to 24 years of age (Moderna COVID-19 vaccine). Onset typically has been within 7 days after vaccination, occurring more often after the second dose. The risk of myocarditis may be reduced by extending the interval to 8-weeks between the first and second dose in patients 12 years and older, especially males 12 to 39 years. According to evidence from multiple sources, the risk of myocarditis and pericarditis is higher in males under 40 after Moderna COVID-19 vaccination compared to other authorized or approved COVID-19 vaccines. From May 1 through June 11, 2021, there were 40.6 cases of myocarditis per million second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines administered to males aged 12 to 29 years and 2.4 cases per million second doses administered to males aged 30 years and older; reporting rates among females were 4.2 and 1 cases per million second doses, respectively. Although postmarketing data is limited, available evidence suggests a lower risk after administration of a mRNA booster dose compared to the risk after the second dose in the primary series. No cases of myocarditis were reported in patients aged 5 to 11 years (n = 3,082) in Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 trials with at least 7 days of follow-up after dose 2, although the study was not powered to assess the risk for myocarditis. Consider myocarditis and pericarditis in adolescents and young adults with acute chest pain, shortness of breath, or palpitations. Most patients require hospitalization, but have experienced resolution of acute symptoms. Although data from short-term follow-up suggests that most patients have resolution of acute symptoms, information is not yet available about long-term sequelae. It is unclear if patients who develop myocarditis or pericarditis after a first dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine are at an increased risk of further adverse cardiac effects after a subsequent dose of vaccine; until additional information is available, a subsequent dose should generally be avoided. If the decision is made to receive a subsequent dose, the episode of myocarditis or pericarditis should be resolved. Considerations for subsequent vaccination include myocarditis or pericarditis was considered unrelated to mRNA COVID-19 vaccination (e.g., due to SARS-CoV-2 or other viruses, diagnosis was made more than 3 weeks after vaccination), personal risk of severe acute COVID-19 (e.g., age, underlying conditions), level of COVID-19 community transmission and personal risk of infection, or timing of any immunomodulatory therapies. Patients with a history of myocarditis or pericarditis prior to COVID-19 vaccination should not receive a mRNA vaccine dose until their episode of myocarditis or pericarditis has completely resolved, which incudes no evidence of ongoing heart inflammation or sequelae. For men 18 years and older who develop myocarditis or pericarditis after a dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and chose to receive a subsequent dose of COVID-19 vaccine, consider administration of the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine instead of a mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, taking into account the risk of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome. In a retrospective study of 139 patients (mostly white male; median age of 15.8 years), suspected myocarditis was reported in 131 (94.2%) patients receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, with the majority of cases occurring after the second dose 128 (91.4%). Five cases (3.6%) were reported after the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, 1 case (0.7%) occurred after the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine, and the brand was unknown in 2 patients. Median onset of symptoms was 2 days after vaccination and the most common symptom was chest pain (99.3%). Patients were treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (81.3%), intravenous immunoglobulin (21.6%), glucocorticoids (21.6%), colchicine (7.9%), or no anti-inflammatory therapies (8.6%). Twenty-six patients (18.7%) were in the ICU, but only 2 patients were treated with inotropic/vasoactive support, and none required ECMO or died. The median hospital stay was 2 days (0 to 10 days).[66080] [66120] [66175] [66698] [66770] [66904] [67172]

Serious allergic reactions or anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients outside of clinical trials during mass vaccination. During phase 2/3 Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, a subset of patients in the vaccinated group had hypersensitivity-related adverse reactions, possibly representing allergic reactions (0.63% vs. 0.51%, placebo).[66080] [66175] During mass vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine outside of clinical trials, severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis and other hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., rash, pruritus, urticaria, angioedema), have been reported.[66080] During this time, 21 cases of anaphylaxis were identified (a rate of 11.1 anaphylaxis cases per million doses administered). Of those, 17 patients had a documented history of allergies or allergic reaction and 7 patients had a history of anaphylaxis. Median time to symptom onset was 13 minutes (range = 2 to 150 minutes). Twenty patients were available for follow-up and all had recovered or been discharged home. An additional 83 nonanaphylaxis allergic reactions were reported; symptoms included pruritus, rash, itchy and scratchy sensation in the throat, and mild respiratory symptoms. Median time to symptom onset was 12 minutes (range = less than 1 minute to 20 hours). In most patients (85%), symptoms occurred within 30 minutes. For 67% of patients, a past history of allergies or allergic reactions was documented. Rash was reported in patients 5 to 11 years old (0.3%) and in patients after administration of the booster dose (0.3%).[66397] [67085] During Moderna COVID-19 clinical trials, hypersensitivity related adverse reactions were reported in 1.5% of vaccine recipients compared to 1.1% of placebo recipients. Hypersensitivity reactions included injection site rash and injection site urticaria. Rash was also reported in 1.8% of patients after administration of the booster dose.[66120] During mass vaccination with the Moderna vaccine, 10 cases of anaphylaxis were identified (a rate of 2.5 anaphylaxis cases per million doses administered). Of those, 9 patients had a documented history of allergies or allergic reaction and 5 patients had a history of anaphylaxis. Median time to symptom onset was 7.5 minutes (range = 1 to 45 minutes). Eight patients were available for follow-up and all had recovered or been discharged home. An additional 43 nonanaphylaxis allergic reactions were reported; symptoms included pruritus, rash, itchy and scratchy sensation in the throat, sensations of throat closure, and mild respiratory symptoms. Median time to symptom onset was 15 minutes (range = less than 1 minute to 24 hours). In most patients (73%), symptoms occurred within 30 minutes. For 60% of patients, a past history of allergies or allergic reactions was documented.[66398]

Lymphadenopathy was reported in 0.3% to 0.9% of patients 5 years and older during Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials and in 2.5% and 5.2% of patients 5 to 11 years and 18 to 55 years, respectively, after the booster dose. From dose 1 through 30 days after dose 2, lymphadenopathy was reported in more patients in the vaccine group than in the placebo group (5 to 11 years: 13 vs. 1; 12 to 15 years: 7 vs. 1; 16 years and older: 64 vs. 6).[66080] [66904] [67085] During Moderna COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, lymphadenopathy-related events were reported in 1.7% of patients who received the vaccine compared to 0.8% of patients who received placebo. These events included lymphadenopathy, lymphadenitis, lymph node pain, vaccination-site lymphadenopathy, injection-site lymphadenopathy, and axillary mass.[66120] [67339]

During Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, appendicitis was reported as a serious adverse reaction in 8 patients receiving vaccine (n = 18,801) vs. 4 receiving placebo (n = 18,785). Bell's palsy (facial paralysis) was reported by 4 patients in the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine group (n = 18,801) compared to none of the patients in the placebo group. Onset of facial paralysis occurred on day 37 after dose 1 (patient did not receive dose 2) and days 3, 9, and 48 after dose 2. During the blinded portion of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, there were 8 reports of facial paralysis (including Bell's palsy) in the vaccine group compared to 3 patients in the placebo group. In the 28-day follow-up period, there were 2 cases of facial paralysis in the vaccine group (occurring on 8 and 22 days, respectively, after vaccination) compared to 1 in the placebo group (occurring 17 days after vaccination). In the United States, it is estimated that between 25 and 35 in 100,000 people are affected with Bell's palsy. During the blinded portion of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, there were 50 reports of herpes zoster in the vaccine group compared to 23 patients in the placebo group. In the 28-day follow-up period, there were 22 cases of herpes zoster in the vaccine group compared to 15 in the placebo group. Currently available information is insufficient to determine a causal relationship between appendicitis, Bell's palsy, or herpes zoster with the vaccine.[66080] [66120] [66184] [67339]

Immunocompromised patients, including patients with immunosuppression or receiving immunosuppressive therapy, may not have an adequate immune response to the COVID-19 vaccine. Patients at increased risk include, but are not limited to, those who have received a solid organ transplant and are taking immunosuppressive therapy, those who are receiving active treatment with high-dose corticosteroids (i.e., 20 mg or more of prednisone or equivalent per day when administered for 2 weeks or more), transplant related immunosuppressive drugs, and other biologic agents that are immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory, and patients with moderate or severe primary immunodeficiency (e.g., DiGeorge syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome). Administration of an additional mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose at least 2 months after the last dose of COVID-19 vaccine has been authorized for individuals who have undergone solid organ transplantation, or are diagnosed with a condition that is considered to have an equivalent level of immunocompromise.[66175] [67339] [67786] [67907] [67908] Immunosuppressed persons may also include patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), hypogammaglobulinemia, or agammaglobulinemia. Short-term (less than 2 weeks) corticosteroid therapy or intra-articular, bursal, or tendon injections with corticosteroids should not be immunosuppressive.[65107] [66175] Ideally, complete COVID-19 vaccination at least 2 weeks before initiation or resumption of immunosuppressive therapies, but timing of COVID-19 vaccination should take into consideration current or planned immunosuppressive therapies and optimization of both the patient's medical condition and response to vaccine. Serologic testing or cellular immune testing to assess for immunity after COVID-19 vaccination, outside the context of research studies, is not recommended. Re-vaccination after immune competence is regained in patients who received mRNA COVID-19 vaccines during treatment with immunosuppressive drugs is not recommended. For patients receiving antibody therapies not specific to COVID-19 treatment (e.g., intravenous immunoglobulin, RhoGAM), there is no recommended minimum interval between these therapies and administration of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Administration of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines either together or at any interval before or after receipt of an antibody-containing product is unlikely to substantially impair the development of a protective antibody response. During clinical trials, no imbalances were noted in the occurrence of symptoms consistent with autoimmune conditions or inflammatory disorders in patients who received the COVID-19 vaccine compared to placebo. Patients with autoimmune conditions may receive the COVID-19 vaccine.[66175]

Patients with altered immune states due to generalized neoplastic disease or an immune system compromised by radiation therapy or chemotherapy may not have an adequate immune response to the COVID-19 vaccine. Patients at increased risk include, but are not limited to, those receiving active treatment for solid tumor and hematologic malignancies, receipt of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell or hematopoietic stem cell transplant (within 2 years of transplantation or taking immunosuppresive therapy), and active treatment with alkylating agents, antimetabolites, transplant-related immunosuppressive drugs, cancer chemotherapeutic agents classified as severely immunosuppressive, tumor-necrosis (TNF) blockers, and other biologic agents that are immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory. Administration of an additional mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose at least 2 months after the last dose of COVID-19 vaccine has been authorized for individuals who have undergone solid organ transplantation, or are diagnosed with a condition that is considered to have an equivalent level of immunocompromise.[66175] [67339] [67786] [67907] [67908] Ideally, complete COVID-19 vaccination at least 2 weeks before initiation or resumption of immunosuppressive therapies, but timing of COVID-19 vaccination should take into consideration current or planned immunosuppressive therapies and optimization of both the patient's medical condition and response to vaccine. Serologic testing or cellular immune testing to assess for immunity after COVID-19 vaccination, outside the context of research studies, is not recommended.[66175] Delay vaccination for at least 3 months after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) or engineered cellular therapy (e.g. CAR-T cells) to maximize vaccine efficacy.[66335] Revaccinate patients who received 1 or more doses of COVID-19 vaccine prior to or during HCT or CAR-T-cell therapy for any doses administered before or during treatment starting at least 3 months after transplant or CAR-T-cell therapy. An mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is recommended for revaccination doses. Consider revaccination 6 months after therapy completion for patients who received 1 or more doses of COVID-19 vaccine during treatment with B-cell-depleting therapies (e.g., rituximab, ocrelizumab) that were administered over a limited period (e.g., as part of a treatment regimen for certain malignancies). For patients receiving B-cell-depleting therapies on a continuing basis, COVID-19 vaccines should be administered approximately 4 weeks before the next scheduled therapy.[66175] For patients with hematologic malignancies receiving intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy (e.g., cytarabine/anthracycline-based induction regimens for AML), delay vaccination until absolute neutrophile count (ANC) recovery. For patients with solid tumor malignancies undergoing major surgery, separate date of surgery from vaccination by at least a few days to allow symptoms (e.g. fever) to be correctly attributed to surgery vs. vaccination. For more complex surgeries (e.g. splenectomy or surgery that may lead to an immunosuppressive state) surgeons may recommend a wider window (+/- 2 weeks) from the time of surgery.[66335]

Postponing vaccination with the COVID-19 vaccine is recommended in patients with a moderate or severe acute illness or infection, with or without fever. Defer COVID-19 vaccination until the illness has improved. Advise individuals with known current SARS-CoV-2 infection to defer any COVID-19 vaccination at least until recovery from the acute illness and criteria to discontinue isolation have been met. Individuals who recently had SARS-CoV-2 infection may consider delaying a COVID-19 vaccine dose by 3 months from symptom onset or positive test. Increased time between infection and vaccination may result in an improved immune response to vaccination. Additionally, a low risk of reinfection has been observed in the weeks to months after infection. Take into account risks of COVID-19 severe disease or characteristics of the predominant SARS-CoV-2 strain when determining whether to delay a COVID-19 vaccination after infection.[66175]

Although patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) could have a diminished response, the COVID-19 vaccine should be offered to patients with chronic, stable HIV. Administration of an additional mRNA COVID-19 dose at least 2 months after last dose of COVID-19 vaccine has been authorized for individuals who have undergone solid organ transplantation, or are diagnosed with a condition that is considered to have an equivalent level of immunocompromise. Patients at increased risk include, but are not limited to, those with advanced or untreated HIV infection (people with HIV and CD4 counts less than 200/mm³, history of AIDS-defining illness without immune reconstitution, or clinical manifestations of symptomatic HIV infection).[66175] [67339] [67786] [67907] [67908]

The COVID-19 vaccine is administered by intramuscular (IM) injection only. Carefully consider the risks and benefits in patients at increased risk for bleeding after an intramuscular injection, such as thrombocytopenia, bleeding disorders (e.g., hemophilia), coagulopathy, vitamin K deficiency, and those receiving anticoagulant therapy. Caution and appropriate precautions to minimize the risk of bleeding or hematoma formation are advised.[65107] [66175] [67339] [67786] [67907] [67908]

COVID-19 vaccination is strongly recommended during pregnancy and in recently pregnant individuals (up to 6 weeks postpartum). Vaccination may occur in any trimester and is recommended as soon as possible to maximize maternal and fetal health.[66175] [66179] [66863] A growing body of evidence suggests that benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh any known or potential risk of vaccination during pregnancy. Recent studies have also shown that antibodies produced after COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy are transferred to the newborn, and COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant patients reduces the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization in infants younger than 6 months.[66175] Data analyzed from 3 vaccine safety-related databases (VAERS, the v-safe active surveillance system, and the v-safe pregnancy registry) did not identify safety concerns for pregnant patients who were vaccinated late in their pregnancy or their infants. Analysis of current data from the V-SAFE pregnancy registry did not find an increased risk of miscarriage among approximately 2,500 pregnant women who received an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine before 20 weeks of pregnancy. Miscarriage rates in this population were 13%, compared to 11% to 16% of pregnancies in the general population. There is no current evidence that COVID-19 vaccines cause fertility problems in woman or men.[66175] [66863] [66864] In a prospective cohort study of 131 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine recipients (84 pregnant, 31 lactating, and 16 non-pregnant), vaccine-induced antibody titers were equivalent in pregnant and lactating women compared to non-pregnant women. All titers were significantly higher than those induced during SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Vaccine-generated antibodies were present in all umbilical cord blood samples; neutralizing antibody titers were lower in umbilical cord compared to maternal sera, although statistical significance was not reached. No differences in reactogenicity were noted between the groups.[66558] A pregnancy exposure registry is available that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to Moderna COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy. Encourage women vaccinated with Moderna COVID-19 vaccine to enroll in the registry by calling 1-866-663-3762. Additionally, encourage pregnant women to enroll in the CDC's V-SAFE program by going to vsafe.cdc.gov.[67339]

COVID-19 vaccination is recommended in all eligible women, including those who are breast-feeding.[66179] [66864] There are limited data regarding use of the COVID-19 vaccine during breast-feeding, its effect on milk production, and its excretion in human breast milk. However, the COVID-19 vaccines cannot cause infection in either the lactating patient or the infant.[66175] Recent reports suggest mothers who have received mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have antibodies in their breast milk, which may help protect their babies.[66864] In a prospective cohort study of 131 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine recipients (84 pregnant, 31 lactating, and 16 non-pregnant), vaccine-induced antibody titers were equivalent in pregnant and lactating women compared to non-pregnant women. All titers were significantly higher than those induced during SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Vaccine-generated antibodies were present in all breast milk samples. No differences in reactogenicity were noted between the groups.[66558] If a breast-feeding infant experiences an adverse event possibly related to a maternally administered vaccine, health care providers are encouraged to report the adverse event to the FDA.

Injectable vaccines, including the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, have been associated with episodes of dizziness, syncope, and fainting, especially in adolescents. Prior to administration, ensure procedures are in place to prevent falls and manage syncopal reactions. Patients should remain seated or lying down during the observation period to decrease the risk for injury. If syncope develops, observe patients until symptoms resolve.[66175] [67339] [67786] [67907] [67908]

Data suggest immune response to COVID-19 vaccination may be reduced in patients with renal failure receiving dialysis. Counsel dialysis patients about the potential for reduced immune responses and the need to continue following precautions to avoid exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus.[69469]

The use of the COVID-19 vaccine has resulted in laboratory test interference with the Bio-Rad Laboratories BioPlex 2200 Syphilis Total and Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) kit. False reactivity may occur for at least 5 months after COVID-19 vaccination. It is unknown if other RPR tests may also be affected. Treponemal testing for syphilis such as Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) and treponemal immunoassays do not appear to be impacted. Retest patients who receive a positive result using the Bio-Rad BioPlex 2200 Syphilis Total and RPR kit for syphilis with another test to confirm results. For patients with a negative treponemal test, but reactive RPR result using the Bio-Rad BioPlex 2200 Syphilis Total and RPR kit, repeat RPR testing is not necessary unless otherwise clinically indicated. For patients previously treated for syphilis, whose treponemal testing will remain persistently positive, and are being evaluated for a possible new syphilis infection, interpret a reactive RPR in the context of the patient's medical history, risk factors, and clinical presentation. If the Bio-Rad BioPlex 2200 Syphilis Total and RPR kit was used and the clinical presentation does not support syphilis reinfection, then confirm reactive results with a RPR test from another manufacturer.[67201]